Bouldering psychotherapy is more effective in the treatment of depression than physical exercise alone: results of a multicentre randomised controlled intervention study

Table 3 Group Differences between the BPT and the EP Group for Change Scores between t0 and t1

	BPT (n = 64)	EP (n = 69)	Cohen’s d	Independent t-test	U-test
Scale	∆M (SD)	∆M (SD)		p	p
Primary outcome
Depression (MADRS)	−8.4 (10.4)⁺	−3.0 (9.3)⁺	0.55	.002*	.001*
Secondary outcomes
Anxiety (GAD-7)	−3.4 (4.3)⁺	−2.0 (4.0)⁺	0.35	.046*	.079^†
Body Image (FKB-20)	3.5 (6.6)⁺	1.0 (5.3)	0.42	.018*	.010*
Global self-esteem (R-SES)	3.6 (4.2)⁺	1.7 (4.3)⁺	0.45	.011*	.007*
Active and passive coping (FERUS)	3.2 (7.2)⁺	1.3 (6.4)	0.28	.115	.130
Interpersonal sensitivity (SCL-90)	−3.5 (6.2)⁺	−3.0 (5.8)⁺	0.09	.591	.880
Additional measure
Depression (PHQ-9)	−4.7 (6.3)⁺	−2.6 (5.2)⁺	0.36	.041*	.043*

Note. Differences between t0 and t1 (t1-t0): Negative values on the MADRS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and SCL-90 indicate improvements in symptoms, positive values on the FKB-20, GSE, R-SES, and FERUS indicate positive effects
⁺ indicates a significant difference between t0 and t1 within the group; ^†p ≤ .10; * p ≤ .05

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