Table 3 Mapping of BeCOME assessments onto RDoC
RDoC Domain | RDoC Constructs | Genes | Mole-cules | Cells | Circuitsa | Physiology | Behavior | Self-Report | Paradigms/Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NegativeValence | Acute threat (“fear”) | Genome- and systemwide OMICS assessments (blood draws): - DNA, polygenic risk scores - Epigenetic markers (e.g. DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modifications - Gene expression - Proteomics and Metabolomics - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) - In vitro dexamethasone stimulation of cells | Autonomic nervous system, amygdala, hippocampus, central nucleus, dmPFC (pl), dorsal ACC, dPAG, hypothalamus, ICMs, insular cortex, latPFC/insula, LC, OFC, PAG, pons, rostral/vent ACC | Blood pressure, heart rate, startle EMG, pupillometry, skin conductance | Estimation of the probability of aversive event (electrical shock), number of mistakes on mental arithmetic task | Symptomatic assessment of phobias (M-CID/DIAX) | Fear conditioning and extinctionb, imaging stress testc | ||
Potential threat (“anxiety”) | Bed nucleus of stria terminalis | Potentiated startle, average cortisol levels | Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS), Body Sensation Questionnaire (BSQ), Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) | Startling noise presentationb | |||||
Sustained threat | Attention/vigilance network, dysregulation of amygdala/cingulate reactivity, habit systems (Striatum/ caudate/accumbens), hypothalamic nuclei, PVT | Dysregulated HPA axis | Anhedonia measures, decreased appetitive behavior (MADRS item No. 5), memory retrieval deficits (episodic memory task) | Childhood trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), KIFTL = modified version of the early trauma inventory, section N of M-CIDI/DIAX | Episodic memory taskd | ||||
Loss | Amygdala, default mode network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, habit systems (Striatum/ caudate/ accumbens), hippocampus, insula, orbitofrontal/parietal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, PVN, reward circuitry, vmPFC | ANS, HPA axis, neuroimmune, prolonged psycho-physiological reactivity, | Sadness (MADRS item No. 1) Guilt (MADRS item No. 9), executive function, attentional bias to negative valenced information (identification of emotional face expression, response time) | Loss events questionnaire, Munich Event List | |||||
Frustrative nonreward | Amygdala, hypothalamus, LC, OFC, PAC, parasympathetic system, septum, striatum | Aggressive behaviors (can be derived from personality measures) | |||||||
Positive Valence | Reward responsiveness | Anterior insula, dorsal ACC, lateral hypothalamus. Medial OFC, nucleus accumbens, vental pallidum, ventromedial PFC, VTA | Pupillometry, heart rate | Response time, decision-making in social Bayes task | Behavioral inhibition system, Behavioral approach system (BIS/BAS) | Reward anticipation taskc (= monetary incentive delay task), time estimation taskc (= simple guessing task) | |||
Reward learning | Amygdala, basal ganglia, dorsal ACC, lateral habenula, orbitofrontal cortex rostral medial tegmentum, substantia nigra/VTA, ventral striatum | Cortical slow waves, heart rate change, skin conductance | Probabilistic social reward learning task | ||||||
Cognitive Systems | Attention | Basal forebrain limbic system, dorsal/ventral attention network | Processing speed, number of mistakes | d2-Rd, trail making testd | |||||
Declarative memory | Hippocampal circuitry, PFC and PPC interactions with multiple association cortices | Short and delayed recall | Episodic memory taskd | ||||||
Cognitive control | Frontopolar/anterior LPFC (BA10), Inhibition of DMN, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, VLPFC | Response time, sensitivity to interference, inhibition | Stroopd | ||||||
Working memory | Dorsal parietal, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, PFC-parietal-cingulate-dorsal thalamus-dorsal striatum, MD, VA thalamus, VLPFC | Pupillometry, heart rate | Number of mistakes | Verbal N-backc, 2-backd | |||||
Arousal and Regulatory Systems | Arousal | Basal forebrain nuclei to cortical circuits, cholinergic and monoaminergic nuclei projections to thalamic and cortical, Cortical circuits such as fronto-insular and dorsal anterior cingulate etc. | Heart rate, pupil size, blood pressure, pulse, reduced habituation in standard psychophysiological measures (startel respone, skin conductance), HPA axis | Startle response | Subjective ratings during stress test | Imaging stress testc, Fear conditioning/extinctionb, resting state fMRI, Heart rate variability (mini-ECG), pupillometry, electrodermal activity | |||
Circadian rhythms Sleep-wakefulness | Pulse, heart rate | Circadian rest/activity rhythms in the real world, motor behaviors during sleep | Subjective daily sleep logs during actigraphy | Actigraphy, Mini-ECG, sleep-dependent memory consolidation (fear extinction)b | |||||
Social Processes | Affiliation and attachment | Amygdala, BNST, FF gyrus, Nacc, OFC, PVN, VMPFC | Immune markers, activation of sympathetic activity, HPA axis | Attachment style (RSQ) Social anhedonia (ACIPS) | |||||
Social communication | Amygdala | Identification of emotions | Size of social network (SNQ) | Emotional Faces Taskc | |||||
Perception and understanding of self | Left inferior frontal cortex, posterior cingulate/precuneus, MPFC | Evidence that one understands ownership of one’s own body parts or action (thoughts/behaviors), hallucinations | Locus of control (IE-4, attributional style questionnaire), psychotic section of M-CIDI | ||||||
Perception and understanding of others | MPFC, precuneus, superior temporal sulcus, temporal pole, TPJ | Emotional/autism quotient (EQ/AQ) | Emotional Faces Taskc | ||||||