Table 2 Characteristics of yoga programs and outcome assessment of studies included in the systematic review
Authors, year country | Specific type of yoga | Yoga frequency (sessions/week) | Session length (mins/week) | Study duration (weeks/ study) | Number of sessions/study Total lengths (h)/study | Safety (adverse events) | Basal score of PSQI (SD) and follow-up | Basal score of ISI (SD) and follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elavsky s et al. 2007 [60] America | Iyengar Yoga (Hatha Yoga) | 2 | 90 | 16 | 32 (24 h) | Not reported | G1 = 6.9 0(3.94) G1 = 6.48 (4.22) G3 = 5.46 (2.96) G3 = 5.44 (3.63) | – |
Afonso RF et al. 2012 [61] Brazil | Asanas Yoga | 2 | 120 | 16 | 32 (32 h) | Not reported | – | G1 = 14.1 (5.87) G1 = 9.7 (4.64) G3 = 15.2 (4.8) G3 = 13.7 (4.64) |
Newton KM et al. 2014 [62] America | Yoga program | 2 | 90 | 12 | 24 (18 h) | Reported | G1 = 7.7 (3.34) G1 = 5.6 (3.30) G2 = 8.4 (3.30) G2 = 5.8 (2.91) | G1 = 11.8 (5.25) G1 = 7.4 (5.07) G2 = 12.2 (5.13) G2 = 6.8 (4.35) |
Buchanan, D.T. et al. 2017 [63] America | Viniyoga | 1 | 90 | 12 | 12 (18 h) | Not reported | – | – |
Danhauer SC et al. 2009 [54] America | Restorative Yoga | 1 | 75 | 10 | 10 (12.5 h) | Not reported | G1 = 8.3 (4.7) G1 = 6.1 (4.3) G2 = 8.6 (5.3) G2 = 7.0 (4.2) | – |
Chandwani KD et al. 2010 [55] America | Yoga | 2 | 120 | 6 | 12 (12 h) | Not reported | G1 = 7.3 (3.83) G1 = 7.3 (4.67) G2 = 7.1 (3.89) G2 = 7.1 (5.38) | – |
Bower JE et al. 2012 [12] America | Iyengar Yoga | 2 | 90 | 12 | 24 (36 h) | Not reported | G1 = 9.2 (3.3) G1 = 8.1 (2.5) G2 = 9.1 (3.5) G2 = 7.7 (2.6) | – |
Kiecolt-Glaser KJ et al. 2014 [56] America | Hatha Yoga | 2 | 180 | 12 | 24 (36 h) | Reported | G1 = − G1 = 7.0 (2.15) G2 = − G2 = 6.3 (2.18) | – |
Cheung C et al. 2014 [66] America | Hatha Yoga | 1 | 60 | 8 | 8 (8 h) | Not reported | G1 = 6.5 (4.2) G1 = 5.0 (2.2) G2 = 5.4 (2.8) G2 = 6.1 (2.2) | – |
Ratcliff CG et al. 2016 [57] America | Yoga program | 3 | 180 | 6 | 18 (18 h) | Not reported | G1 = 8.3 (3.9) G1 = 6.7 (3.1) G3 = 8.2 (3.7) G3 = 7.3 (3.7) | – |
Taylor TR et al. 2018 [71] America | Restorative Yoga | 1 | 75 | 8 | 8 (10 h) | Not reported | – | G1 = 10.18 (8.74) G1 = 7.89 (7.17) G2 = 7.56 (6.82) G2 = 6.20 (7.11) |
Chaoul A et al. 2018 [58] America | Tibetan Yoga | 4 | 300–360 | 1 | 4 (5–6 h) | Not reported | G1 = 7.8 (3.7) G1 = 7.3 (3.6) G3 = 8.1 (4.2) G3 = 8.1 (4.4) | – |
Porter LS et al. 2019 [59] America | Mindful Yoga | 1 | 120 | 8 | 8 (16 h) | Not reported | G1 = 8.6 (3.34) G1 = 8.6 (3.01) G2 = 7.6 (2.73) G2 = 7.6 (3.42) | – |
Ide MR et al. 2008 [64] Brazil | Yoga breathing exercises in warm water | 4 | 240 | 4 | 16 (16 h) | Not reported | G1 = 13.17 (4.00) G1 = 9.95 (1.15) G2 = 11.82 (5.05) G2 = 13.88 (1.28) | – |
Innes K E et al. 2012 [65] America | Iyengar yoga | 2 | 180 | 8 | 16 (24 h) | Not reported | G1 = 8.71 (3.63) G1 = 3.57 (1.49) G2 = 9.25 (3.32) G2 = 8.00 (2.94) | – |
Fang R et al. 2015 [67] China | Yoga | > 2 | > 100–120 | 24 | > 48 (40–48 h) | Not reported | G1 = 9.98 (1.89) G1 = 7.61 (1.25) G2 = 10.24 (2.35) G2 = 10.31 (2.42) | – |
Ebrahimi M et al. 2017 [68] Iran | Yoga program | 3 | 270 | 12 | 36 (54 h) | Not reported | G1 = 14.40 (5.92) G1 = 3.73 (3.49) G3 = 13.91 (5.52) G3 = 13.27 (5.58) | – |
Rao, M et al. 2017 [69] India | Yoga-based, mindfulness relaxation | 5 | 150 | 4 | 20 (10 h) | Not reported | G1 = 5.63 (3.31) G1 = 3.10 (1.26) G2 = 4.86 (2.52) G2 = 5.9 (1.93) | – |
Nalgirkar SP et al. 2018 [70] India | Yoga program | 3 | 180 | 12 | 36 (h) | Not reported | G1 = 15.16 (8.29) G1 = 12.75 (4.73) G2 = 9.91 (4.69) G2 = 10.08 (3.75) | – |