Table 4 Univariable and multivariable associations between socio-demographic and clinical factors and any perinatal depression (n = 400)
Any depression n/N (%) | No depression n/N (%) | Unadj. OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs)† | 26 [18–50] | 25 [18–45] | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | < 0.01 | – | – |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Burman | 63/161 (39.1) | 98/161 (60.9) | 1.00 | 0.06 | – | – |
Sgaw Karen | 100/278 (36.0) | 178/278 (64.0) | 0.87 (0.59–1.30) | |||
Poe Karen | 29/66 (43.9) | 37/66 (56.1) | 1.22 (0.68–2.18) | |||
Other | 34/63 (54.0) | 29/63 (46.0) | 1.82 (1.01–3.28) | |||
Language | ||||||
Burmese | 103/239 (43.1) | 136/239 (56.9) | 1.00 | 0.04 | – | – |
Sgaw Karen | 98/280 (35.0) | 182/280 (65.0) | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | |||
Other | 25/49 (51.0) | 24/49 (49.0) | 1.38 (0.74–2.55) | |||
Religion | ||||||
Buddhist | 154/408 (37.8) | 254/408 (62.2) | 1.00 | 0.02 | – | – |
Christian | 45/115 (39.1) | 70/115 (60.9) | 1.06 (0.69–1.62) | |||
Muslim | 27/45 (60.0) | 18/45 (40.0) | 2.47 (0.32–4.64) | |||
Education | ||||||
Under 3 years | 107/255 (42.0) | 148/255 (58.0) | 1.00 | 0.47 | – | – |
3 to 6 years | 65/164 (39.6) | 99/164 (60.4) | 0.91 (0.61–1.35) | |||
7 or more years | 51/143 (35.7) | 92/143 (64.3) | 0.77 (0.50–1.17) | |||
Literacy | ||||||
Yes | 155/392 (39.5) | 237/392 (60.5) | 1.00 | 0.86 | – | – |
No | 71/176 (40.3) | 105/176 (59.7) | 1.03 (0.72–1.49) | |||
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 139/348 (39.9) | 209/348 (60.1) | 1.00 | 0.42 | – | – |
Unemployed | 84/193 (43.5) | 109/193 (56.5) | 1.16 (0.81–1.65) | |||
Other household member works | ||||||
Yes | 148/369 (40.1) | 221/369 (59.9) | 1.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.04 |
No | 49/92 (53.3) | 43/92 (46.7) | 1.70 (0.07–2.69) | 0.57 (0.33–0.98) | ||
Telephone | ||||||
Yes | 121/329 (36.8) | 208/329 (63.2) | 1.00 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.04 |
No | 105/239 (43.9) | 134/239 (56.1) | 1.35 (0.96–1.89) | 1.59 (1.01–2.48) | ||
Site | ||||||
Maela (refugee) | 114/250 (45.6) | 136/250 (54.4) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Wang Pha (migrant) | 66/155 (42.6) | 89/155 (57.4) | 0.88 (0.59–1.33) | |||
Mawker Tai (migrant) | 46/163 (28.2) | 117/163 (71.8) | 0.47 (0.31–0.72) | |||
Migrant status | ||||||
Refugee | 114/250 (45.6) | 136/250 (54.4) | 1.00 | 0.01 | – | – |
Labour migrant | 112/318 (35.2) | 206/318 (64/8) | 0.65 (0.46–0.91) | |||
Duration since migration | ||||||
≤ 1 year | 32/64 (50.0) | 32/64 (50.0) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
> 1 year | 35/138 (25.4) | 103/138 (74.6) | 0.34 (0.18–0.63) | |||
Alcohol | ||||||
No | 215/543 (39.6) | 328/543 (60.4) | 1.00 | 0.66 | – | – |
Yes | 11/25 (44.0) | 14/25 (56.0) | 1.20 (0.53–2.69) | |||
Smoking | ||||||
No | 202/512 (39.5) | 310/512 (60.5) | 1.00 | 0.62 | – | |
Yes | 24/56 (42.9) | 32.56 (57.1) | 1.15 (0.66–2.01) | |||
Chew betel nut | ||||||
No | 116/317 (36.6) | 201/317 (63.4) | 1.00 | 0.08 | – | – |
Yes | 110/251 (43.8) | 141/251 (56.2) | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | |||
Self-reported depression history | ||||||
No | 130/419 (31.0) | 289/419 (69.0) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
Yes | 95/147 (64.6) | 52/147 (35.4) | 4.06 (2.73–6.04) | 3.36 (2.01–5.61) | ||
Sufficient social support | ||||||
Yes | 120/320 (37.5) | 200/320 (37.5) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
No | 76/137 (55.5) | 61/137 (44.5) | 2.08 (1.37–3.12) | |||
Trauma | ||||||
None | 69/239 (28.9) | 170/239 (71.1) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
≥ 1 trauma | 157/329 (47.7) | 172/329 (52.3) | 2.25 (1.58–3.20) | 2.17 (1.38–3.41) | ||
Interpersonal violence | ||||||
No | 174/430 (40.5) | 256/430 (59.5) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
Yes | 22/27 (81.5) | 5/27 (18.5) | 6.47 (2.41–17.42) | 4.36 (1.52–12.50) | ||
Maternal BMIa | ||||||
Normal | 121/296 (40.9) | 175/296 (59.1) | 1.00 | 0.86 | – | – |
Underweight | 38/99 (38.4) | 61/99 (61.6) | 0.90 (0.56–1.44) | |||
Overweight/obese | 67/173 (38.7) | 106/173 (61.3) | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | |||
Primigravid | ||||||
Primigravida | 48/160 (30.0) | 112/160 (70.0) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Multigravida | 178/408 (43.6) | 230/408 (56.4) | 1.81 (1.22–2.67) | |||
Pregnancy | ||||||
Planned | 115/310 (37.1) | 195/310 (62.9) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Unplanned | 77/144 (53.5) | 67/144 (46.5) | 1.95 (1.31–2.91) | |||
Mode of delivery | ||||||
Normal | 178/411 (43.4) | 233/411 (56.7) | 1.00 | 0.55 | – | – |
Instrumental | 17/44 (38.6) | 27/44 (61.4) | 0.82 (0.43–1.56) | |||