Table 2 Characteristics of assays and main findings of included cancer studies*
Author and year | Participants | Endpoints | Biomarkers studied | Biological material | Assay method | Covariates adjusted for in multivariate analysis | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total participants (N) | Cases; control | Positive association with at least one endpoint** | Negative association | ||||||
Amano et al. (2017)a [94] | 1702 | Advanced cancer patients; no control | -Anorexia -Weight loss -Fatigue -Dyspnea -Dysphasia -Edema -Pressure ulcer -ADL disabilities | CRP | NR | NR | Age, gender, primary tumor site, distant metastasis, chemotherapy, ECOG PS, and setting of care | CRP | None |
Demiray et al. (2017) [95] | 87 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy participants without a known chronic disease | -Cachexia -Weight loss -PFS -OS | LP, resistin | Serum | ELISA | NR | LP Multivariate results NR | Resistin* Multivariate results NR |
Fogelman et al. (2017) [96] | 69 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls with no cancer diagnosis | Either 10% weight loss or death at 60 days from the start of therapy | APN, bFGF, CXCL-16, FSN, Ghrelin, IGF-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, Klotho, LP, MCP-4, MK, MSTN, PIF, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, TARC, TNF-α, VEGF, ZAG | NR | NR | Smoking status, best response, pain, difficulty swallowing | MK, IL-1β, CXCL- 16, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α Multivariate results NR | APN, bFGF, FSN, Ghrelin, IGF-1, Klotho, LP, MCP-4, MSTN, MK, PIF, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, TARC, VEGF, ZAG Multivariate results NR |
Luo et al. (2017) [97] | 217 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -PFS -OS | FBG, CA-125, NLR, PLR | Serum + Plasma | NR | NR | FBG | CA-125, NLR, PLR |
Paulsen et al. (2017) [98] | 49 | Participants with cancer; no control | -Pain -Appetite -Fatigue | CRP, ESR, sTNF-R1, IL-1RA, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-18, MIF, TGF-β1 | Serum | ELISA (multiplex assay) | Sex, BMI and age | sTNF-r1, MCP-1, MIF, CRP, IL-6, IL-1RA | IL-18, TGF-β 1, ESR |
Amano et al. (2016) [99] | 1511 | Advanced cancer patients; no control | -Survival rate -Mortality rate | CRP | Plasma | Latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay | Age, gender, primary tumor site, distant metastasis, chemotherapy, ECOG PS, and setting of care | CRP | None |
Bye et al. (2016) [100] | 60 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls with normal weight | -Cachexia -Survival | IL-10, IFN-γ, LP, APN, TNF-α, IL-6, IGF-1 | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | IL-6 | IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, APN, IGF-1 |
Mitsunga et al. (2016) [101] | 421 | Participants with advanced cancer with low, intermediate and high CRP levels | OS | CRP, NLR | Blood | ELISA (Multiplex assay) | Retrospective cohort: Sex, age, ECOG-PS, UICC stage, CA 19-9, prognostic CRP classification; Prospective cohort: Sex, age, ECOG-PS, UICC stage, CA 19-9, NLR classification, mGPS, prognostic CRP classification | CRP, NLR | None |
Morgado et al. (2016) [102] | 49 | Participants with advanced cancer and fatigue with and without weight loss | -Weight loss -Fatigue | Hb, LDH, Alb, CRP, Cre | Serum + Urine | NR | No multivariate analysis | Alb, CRP | Hb, LDH, Cre |
Rodrigues et al. (2016) [103] | 51 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Fatigue | IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, α-1-AGP, GPS (Alb+CRP) | Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | TNF-α, GPS (Alb+CRP) | None |
Srdic et al. (2016) [104] | 100 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without cachexia | -Cachexia -Chemotherapy toxicity -Survival | CRP, IL-6, Alb, Hb | NR | The Bromocresol Purple method | NR | CRP, IL-6, Alb, Hb | None |
Wu et al. (2016) [105] | 55 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -OS -PFS | NLR, PLR, ALP, LDH | Blood | NR | NR | PLR, NLR, LDH | ALP |
Bilir et al. (2015) [106] | 80 | Participants with advanced cancer and cachexia; healthy controls with no known chronic disease or weight loss | -OS -Cachexia | Il-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, orexin-A, galanin, TWEAK, TRAF-6, NPY, CRP, Testosterone, Alb, LDH | Serum | ELISA | NR | CRP, TRAF-6, Alb, LDH, IL-1a, IL-6, TNF-α, TWEAK, orexin-A, NPY, testosterone | IL-1β, galanin |
Miura et al. (2015) [107] | 79 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -Body composition -Fatigue | IL-6 | Serum | ELISA (multiplex assay) | NR | IL-6 | None |
Miura et al. (2015) b [108] | 1160 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | NR | NR | Primary tumor site, age and gender | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | None |
Barrera et al. (2014) [109] | 135 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -Quality of life (fatigue, PS, hyporexia, BMI) -Survival | IL-31, IL-33, IL-27, IL-29, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF- α, IL-4, IL-10 | Plasma | CBA | No multivariate analysis | IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-33, IL-10, IL-29b, IL-12p70b, IL17ab | IL-31, IL-27, IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4 |
Blakely et al. (2014) [110] | 50 | Participants with advanced cancer with normal CRP and elevated CRP | -OS -Mortality rate -gastrointestinal obstruction -Pain -Bleeding -Other symptoms (NR) -Major complications | CRP | Serum | NR | NR | CRP | None |
Fujiwara et al. (2014) [111] | 21 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without cachexia | Cachexia | LP, IL-6, TNF-α | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | LP, IL-6, TNF-α | |
Lindemann et al. (2014) [112] | 218 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -Survival -Weight loss | CRP, Alb | Plasma | Immune-turbidimetry | No multivariate analysis | CRP, Alb | None |
Mondello et al. (2014) [113] | 170 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -Surviva -Cachexia | LP, ghrelin, obestatin | Serum | ELISA | Age, ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, metastatic disease and chronic kidney disease | LP, Ghrelin, obestatin | None |
Moriwaki et al. (2014) [114] | 62 | Patients with advanced cancer with GPS 0, GPS 1 or GPS 2 | OS | GPS (Alb+CRP), ALP, LDH, Bilirubin, CEA, CA 19-9 | NR | NR | GPS, median ALP, median LDH, number of metastatic organs, liver metastasis, peritoneal metastasis, other metastasis | GPS (Alb+CRP) | ALP, Bilirubin, LDH, CEA, CA 19-9 |
Szkandera et al. (2014) [115] | 474 | Participants with cancer; no control | Cancer-specific survival | CRP, NLR, PLR | Plasma | NR | Age, gender, tumour grade, tumour stage, administration of chemotherapy, surgical resection, NLR, PLR, bilirubin levels and plasma CRP levels | CRP, NLR | PLR |
Zhang et al. (2014) [116] | 200 | Participants with cancer; no control | -Fatigue -Chemotherapy adverse effects | TNF-α, IL-1 α, IL-1 β, 17-HCS | Plasma + urine | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β | 17-HCS |
Jafri et al. (2013) [117] | 173 | Participants with advanced cancer with high inflammation and with low inflammation | -PFS -OS | ALI (Alb+NLR) | Serum | NR | Sex, race, PS and histology | ALI (Alb+NLR) | None |
Laird et al. (2013) [118] | 1466 | Participants with advanced cancer with low and high CRP levels | -Symptoms of the EOTC (pain, appetite loss, cognitive function, dyspnea, fatigue, physical function, role function, social function, QoL, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, sleep, constipation) -Survival | CRP | Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | CRP | None |
Laird et al. (2013) b [119] | 2456 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -Symptoms of the EOTC (pain, appetite loss, cognitive function, dyspnea, fatigue, physical function, role function, social function, QoL, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, sleep, constipation) -Survival | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | Blood | NR | NR | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | None |
Paiva et al. (2013) [120] | 223 | Participants with cancer with and without fatigue | -Fatigue -OS | CRP, Hb, LDH, Alb | Blood | NR | Age, KPS, type of treatment, breast cancer, upper gastrointestinal cancer, head and neck cancer, lower gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, urologic cancer, and CRP | CRP, Hb, LDH, Alb, WBC | None |
Suh et al. (2013) [121] | 98 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | IL-6, TNF-α | Plasma | ELISA (multiplex assay) | Gender (male), fatigue (BFI-K score), ECOG (3-4), IL-6 (high, ≥9.06 pg/mL) | IL-6 | TNF-α |
De Raaf et al. (2012) [122] | 92 | Participants with advanced cancer; cancer survivors | Physical and mental fatigue | CRP, IL-1-RA, NP, IL-6 and IL-8 | Plasma | CBA | No multivariate analysis | CRP, IL-6, IL-1-ra, NP | IL-8 |
Gioulbasanis et al. (2012) [123] | 114 | Participants with advanced cancer with malnutrition, with a risk of malnutrition, and who were well nourished | -Nutritional status (cachexia) -Survival | IL-8 | Plasma | CLIA | PS, histology, BMI, gender, age, smoking status, weight loss history | IL-8 | None |
Gulen et al. (2012) [124] | 88 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without weight loss; age- and sex-matched controls | Weight loss (>5%) | LP, APN, TNF-α, CRP | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | LP | APN, TNF-α, CRP |
Heitzer et al. (2012) [125] | 65 | Advanced cancer patients with cancer pain; healthy controls without pain | Pain intensity | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TNF-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-7, IL-13, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1B, OPG | Serum | ELISA | NI | Unclear | Unclear |
Minton et al. (2012) [126] | 720 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without fatigue | Fatigue | CRP, Alb, Hb | Blood | NR | Hb, current treatment with chemo, QOL score, depression, pain dyspnoea, cognitive function, insomnia and loss of appetite | CRP, Alb, Hb | None |
Partridge et al. (2012) [127] | 102 | Patients with advanced cancer with GPS 0, GPS 1 or GPS 2 ; no control | Survival | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | Blood | NR | Sex, primary cancer site, age, Hb and WBC | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | None |
Pond et al. (2012) [128] | 220 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -OS -PFS | CRP | NR | NR | NR | CRP | None |
Wang et al. (2012) [129] | 177 | Participants with cancer; no control | Survival | CRP, Alb, mGPS (Alb+CRP), NLR | NR | NR | PS, pretherapeutic weight, WBC, neutrophil count, NLR, CRP, mGPS, PI, the 7th TNM staging, surgery, degree of differentiation, palliate chemotherapy | CRP, mGPS (Alb+CRP), NLR | Alb |
Aydin et al. (2011) [130] | 61 | Advanced cancer patients; no control | Survival | CRP, Alb, TFN | Serum | Nephelometric assay | No multivariate analysis | CRP, Alb, TFN | None |
Dev et al. (2011) [131] | 77 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Symptom distress (pain, fatigue, nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, appetite, well-being, dyspnea, sleep) | Cortisol | Serum | NR | NR | Cortisol | None |
Gioulbasanis et al. (2011) [132] | 115 | Participants with advanced cancer with malnutrition, with a risk of malnutrition, and who were well nourished | -Nutritional status (cachexia) -Survival | Alb, CRP, ghrelin, LP, APN, IGF-1 | Plasma | Radioimmunoassay | Number of metastatic sites, PS, weight loss <5%, MNA groups, age, and major histological type | CRP, LP, Alb | Ghrelin, APN, IGF-1 |
Hwang et al. (2011) [133] | 402 | Participants with cancer; no control | -PFS -OS | Alb, CRP | Serum | Latex turbidimetric immunoassay | Peritoneal metastasis, bone metastasis, albumin, CRP, ECOG PS, GPS | Alb, CRP | None |
Kwak et al. (2011) [134] | 90 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Fatigue | IL-6, TNF-α | Blood | NR | BFI score, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, heart rate, cancer site, previous treatment, comorbidity, medication, pain score, sleep disorder, dyspnea, ECOG PS, WBC, Hb, BUN, creatinine, albumin, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α | None | IL-6, TNF-α |
Lee et al. (2011) [135] | 126 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | 14 day mortality | CRP | Serum | NR | CRP, chemotherapy, age, dyspnea, altered mental status, hypotension, and leukocytosis | CRP | None |
Scheede-Bergdahl et al. (2011) [136] | 83 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | - Clinical features of cachexia (weakness, loss of appetite, fatigue, QOL, weight loss) -Survival | IL- 6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α | Plasma | BCA | Sex, age, diagnosis, oncological treatment, CCI and medications | IL- 6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α | None |
Vlachostergios et al. (2011) [137] | 77 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -TTP -OS | IGF-1, CRP, Alb | Serum | Radioimmunoassay | Sex, current smoker, albumin, IGF-1 | IGF-1, CRP, Alb | None |
Diakowska et al. (2010) [138] | 218 | Participants with cancer with and without cachexia; healthy blood donors; and patients with non-malignant diseases of alimentary tract | Cachexia | LP, CRP, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, Alb, Hb. | Serum | ELISA | NR | LP, IL-6, Alb, TNF-α | IL-1, IL-8, Hb, CRP* |
Meek et al. (2010) [139] | 56 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Cancer-specific survival | IGF-1, IGFBP-3, CRP, mGPS (Alb+CRP), LP | Serum | NR | BMI, cancer stage, Hb, WBC, mGPS | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | IGF-1, IGFBP-3, LP, CRP |
Ishizuka et al. (2009) [140] | 112 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Mortality | CRP, Alb, mGPS (Alb+CRP), Neutrophil ratio | Serum | NR | Neutrophil ratio, CA 19–9, CRP, albumin, and mGPS | mGPS (Alb+CRP) | None |
Karapanagiotou et al. (2009) [141] | 161 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -Weight loss -TTP -OS | Ghrelin, LP | Serum | ELISA | Sex, age, BMI, Ghrelin | Ghrelin Multivariate results NR | LP Multivariate results NR |
Paddison et al. (2009) [142] | 44 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | Fatigue | Hb, WBC, Neutrophil, Monocyte,Lymphocyte | Blood | NR | Age, gender, time until treatment termination; and fatigue | Hb, WBC, Neutrophil count, monocyte count | None |
Takahashi et al. (2009) [143] | 26 | Participants with cancer cachexia; healthy controls | Anorexia (cachexia and BMI) | TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1RA, LP, ghrelin | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1RA, LP | IFN- γ, ghrelin |
Inagaki et al. (2008) [144] | 46 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without fatigue | Fatigue | IL-6 | Plasma | ELISA | Logistic regression: IL-6, gender, weight and clinical fatigue Multiple regression: gender, weight, IL-6 and total score of the CFS | IL-6 | None |
Karapanagiotou et al. (2008) [145] | 152 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -Weight loss -TTP -OS | LP, APN, resistin | Serum | ELISA | Sex, age, BMI, resistin | Resistin | LP, APN |
Sharma et al. (2008) [146] | 52 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -OS -Toxicity | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-Y, TNF-α, sIL-6R, sgp130, VEGF, eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, Alb, CRP, GPS (Alb+CRP) | Serum | NR | Tumour site (colonic primary), GPS, CEA, and albumin | GPS (Alb+CRP), Hb, Alb | CRP, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-Y, TNF-α, sIL-6R, sgp130, VEGF, eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β |
Weryńska et al. (2008) [147] | 40 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without cachexia | -Cachexia -Nutritional status | LP | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | LP | None |
Ravasco et al. (2007) [148] | 101 | Participants with cancer; no control | -REE -Weight loss -Nutritional intake | IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, VEGF | Serum | ELISA | Cancer histology and stage, nutritional intake | IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-y, VEGF | IL-10 |
Richey et al. (2007) [149] | 24 | Participants with cancer with and without cachexia | Cachexia | GPS (Alb+CRP), Alb, IL-1a, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1B, RANTES, FGF, Hb, CRP, CEA | Serum | Dry-slide method with the VITROS Fusion Series analyser | No multivariate analysis | GPS (Alb+CRP), Alb, CEA | IL-1a, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-y, VEGF, GM-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1B, RANTES, FGF, Hb, CRP, CEA |
Suh et al. (2007) [150] | 44 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | CRP | Serum | NR | NR | CRP | None |
Al Murri et al. (2006) [151] | 96 | Breast cancer patients; no control | Survival | CRP, Alb, GPS (Alb+CRP) | NR | NR | GPS and treatment | CRP, GPS (Alb + CRP) | None |
Kayacan et al. (2006) [152] | 56 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without cachexia; healthy smokers for the control | -Cachexia -PS -Survival | TNF-α, IL-6 | Serum | ELISA | NR | None | TNF-α, IL-6 |
Ramsey et al. (2006) [153] | 119 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -Cancer-specific survival -Cancer-specific mortality | GPS (Alb+CRP) | NR | NR | GPS, Hb, calcium, WBC, neutrophil count, Alb, CRP | GPS (Alb+CRP) | None |
Di Nisio et al. (2005) [154] | 141 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | IL-6, IL-10, IFN-y, P-selectin | Plasma | BCA | Life expectancy, WHO performance status, concomitant treatment, type of carcinoma, and histology | IL-10, IL-6, P-selectin | IFN-y |
Rich et al. (2005) [155] | 80 | Participants with advanced cancer with good and dampened circadian rhythms | -Extent of metastatic disease -PS -QOL | IL-6, TGF-a, TNF-α, cortisol | Serum | ELISA | NR | IL-6, TGF-a, TNF-α | Cortisol |
Bolukbas et al. (2004) [156] | 69 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls with stable weight | Weight loss | LP | Serum | ELISA | NR | LP | None |
De Vita et al. (2004) [157] | 68 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | -TTP -OS | IL-6 | Serum | ELISA | NR | Il-6 | None |
Dulger et al. (2004) [158] | 54 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without cachexia; healthy gender- and age- matched adults | Cachexia | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, LP, GH, TG, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, total protein, ESR | Serum | Solid-phase, two-site chemiluminescent immunometric assays | No multivariate analysis | Alb, total protein, GH, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, insulin, LP, ESRb, CRPb | Glucose, TG |
Elahi et al. (2004) [159] | 165 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | Alb, CRP | NR | Fluorescence polarization immunoassay | NR | Alb, CRP | None |
Jamieson et al. (2004) [160] | 33 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | Weight loss | Hb, Alb, CRP, APN, LP, IL-6 | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | Hb, Alb, CRP, APN, LP, IL-6 | None |
Songur et al. (2004) [161] | 91 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -Malnutrition -Survival | IL-6, Alb, CRP, TFN, LDH | Serum | NR | NR | IL-6, Alb, CRP, TFN, LDH | None |
Scott et al. (2003) [162] | 106 | Participants with advanced cancer with and without weight loss | -Weight loss | Hb, Alb, CRP | Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | Hb, Alb, CRP | None |
Aleman et al. (2002) [163] | 106 | Patients newly diagnosed with NSCL vs patients with no cancer | -Nutritional status -Survival | IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, LP, α -1A, ferritin, CRP, TNF-α, s-TNFR2, s-IL-2R, IFN-γ | Serum | CLIA | NR | IL-6, IL-12, IL-2, sTNFR2, IFN-γ, sIL-2R, LP, α-1A, CRP, ferritin Multivariate results unclear | IL-10, TNF-α Multivariate results unclear |
Orditura et al. (2002) [164] | 85 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -OS -TTF | IL-8, IL-10, IL-2 | Serum | ELISA | NR | IL-10, IL-2, IL-8 | None |
Scott et al. (2002) [165] | 106 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | Alb, CRP | Blood | NR | Age, sex, stage, histological type, weight loss, haemoglobin, albumin, CRP, KPS and EORTCV QLQ-C30 subscale | CRP, Alb | None |
Jatoi et al. (2001) [166] | 73 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | Anorexia and/or weight loss | NPY, LP, CCK-8 | Serum | Radioimmunoassay | No multivariate analysis | NPY | LP, CCK-8 |
Mantovani et al. (2001) [167] | 58 | Participants with advanced cancer; normal weight healthy controls | -BMI -Cachexia -ECOG PS -Survival | LP, IL-6, TNF-α | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | Unclear | Unclear |
Mantovani et al. (2000) [168] | 32 | Participants with advanced cancer; normal weight healthy controls | -cachectic symptoms (BMI) | LP, IL-1a, IL-6, and TNF-α | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | Unclear | Unclear |
Nenova et al. (2000) [169] | 87 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | -Cachexia -Prognosis | TNF-α | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | Unclear | Unclear |
O'Gorman et al. (1999) [170] | 50 | Participants with advanced cancer with weight loss or weight gain; weight stable controls | -Weight loss -Appetite -PS -Inflammation | Alb, CRP | Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | Alb, CRP | None |
Okada et al. (1998) [171] | 100 | Participants with cancer; healthy controls | Weight loss | IL-6 | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | IL-6 | None |
Wallace et al. (1998) [172] | 54 | Participants with advanced cancer; healthy controls | Weight loss | LP | Serum | Radioimmunoassay | No multivariate analysis | LP | None |
Maltoni et al. (1997) [173] | 530 | Participants with advanced cancer; no control | Survival | Neutrophil, lymphocyte & monocyte %, basophil + eosinophil %, Hb, TFN, Alb, total WBC, Pseudocholinesterase, proteinuria, TFN, transport iron | Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | Neutrophil %, lymphocyte %, total WBC, CHE, Alb | basophil + eosinophil %, Hb, TFN |
Simons et al. (1997) [174] | 21 | Participants with cancer and weight loss; no control | -Weight loss -Body composition -Appetite -REE | LP | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | LP | None |