Variables | N | % |
---|---|---|
Age (N = 300) | 63a | 16b |
Gender | ||
Male | 158 | 52.7 |
Female | 141 | 47.0 |
Missing | 1 | 0.3 |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 195 | 65.0 |
Chinese | 54 | 18.0 |
Indian | 44 | 14.7 |
Others | 7 | 2.3 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 233 | 77.7 |
Single | 24 | 8.0 |
Divorced/widowed | 43 | 14.3 |
Education | ||
None | 7 | 2.3 |
Primary | 38 | 12.7 |
Secondary | 133 | 44.3 |
Tertiary | 119 | 39.7 |
Missing | 3 | 1.0 |
Employment | ||
Employed | 80 | 26.7 |
Unemployed | 94 | 31.3 |
Retired | 123 | 41.0 |
Missing | 3 | 1.0 |
Household income | ||
< RM3,000 | 166 | 55.3 |
RM3,000–6000 | 57 | 19.0 |
> RM6,000 | 61 | 20.3 |
Missing | 16 | 5.3 |
Religion | ||
Islam | 199 | 66.3 |
Buddhism | 37 | 12.3 |
Hindusim | 35 | 11.7 |
Christianity | 23 | 7.7 |
Others | 4 | 1.3 |
Missing | 2 | 0.7 |
Regular religious practice | ||
Disagree | 19 | 6.3 |
Neutral | 43 | 14.4 |
Agree | 237 | 79.0 |
Missing | 1 | 0.3 |
Smoking | ||
Never | 216 | 72.0 |
Ex-smoker | 64 | 21.3 |
Current smoker | 20 | 6.7 |
Alcohol use | ||
Yes | 26 | 8.7 |
No | 271 | 90.3 |
Missing | 3 | 1.0 |
Recreational drug use | ||
Yes | 5 | 1.7 |
No | 294 | 98.0 |
Missing | 1 | 0.3 |
Perceived social support | ||
Very poor | 2 | 0.7 |
Poor | 8 | 2.7 |
Neutral | 48 | 16.0 |
Good | 165 | 55.0 |
Very good | 76 | 25.3 |
Missing | 1 | 0.3 |
Diabetes type | ||
Type 1 | 22 | 7.3 |
Type 2 | 269 | 89.7 |
Gestational | 6 | 2.0 |
Missing | 3 | 1.0 |
Duration of DM (years) (N = 229) | 14a | 12b |
Insulin therapy | ||
Yes | 138 | 46.0 |
No | 114 | 38.0 |
Missing | 48 | 16.0 |
HbA1c (%) (N = 268) | 7.6a | 2.7b |
Diabetic control | ||
Good | 92 | 30.7 |
Poor | 208 | 69.3 |
“I am able to manage my diabetes well” | ||
Disagree | 15 | 5.0 |
Neutral | 70 | 23.4 |
Agree | 214 | 71.3 |
Missing | 1 | 0.3 |
Obesity | ||
BMI < 25 | 65 | 21.7 |
BMI 25–30 | 147 | 49.0 |
BMI > 30 | 78 | 26.0 |
Missing | 10 | 3.3 |
Hypertension | ||
Yes | 222 | 74.0 |
No | 78 | 26.0 |
Dyslipidaemia | ||
Yes | 152 | 50.7 |
No | 148 | 49.3 |
Ischaemic heart disease | ||
Yes | 82 | 27.3 |
No | 218 | 72.7 |
Stroke | ||
Yes | 27 | 9.0 |
No | 273 | 91.0 |
Renal disease | ||
Yes | 53 | 17.7 |
No | 247 | 82.3 |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | ||
Yes | 27 | 9.0 |
No | 273 | 91.0 |
Depression (BDI) | ||
No/minimal | 240 | 80.0 |
Mild to moderate | 41 | 13.7 |
Moderate to severe | 17 | 5.7 |
Severe | 2 | 0.7 |
WHOQOL-BREF | ||
Overall perception of QOL | ||
Very poor | 3 | 1.0 |
Poor | 5 | 1.7 |
Neither poor nor good | 89 | 29.7 |
Good | 162 | 54.0 |
Very good | 41 | 13.7 |
Overall perception of health | ||
Very dissatisfied | 1 | 0.3 |
Dissatisfied | 37 | 12.3 |
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 131 | 43.7 |
Satisfied | 121 | 40.3 |
Very satisfied | 10 | 3.3 |
WHOQOL-BREF domains (N = 300) | ||
Physical health | 63.00a | 19.00b |
Psychological | 69.00a | 13.53b |
Social relationships | 75.00a | 19.00b |
Environment | 69.00a | 12.00b |
BFI subscales (N = 300) | ||
Extraversion | 3.38a | 0.75b |
Agreeableness | 3.78a | 0.43b |
Conscienciousness | 3.67a | 0.60b |
Neuroticism | 2.50a | 0.73b |
Openness | 3.30a | 0.60b |