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Table 3 Association between parental psychiatric diagnoses and offspring SM

From: The impact of parental psychopathology and sociodemographic factors in selective mutism - a nationwide population-based study

 

Mothers

Cases (N = 860)

N (%)

Controls (N = 3250)

N (%)

OR

(95% CI)

Adjusted ORa

(95% CI)

Schizophrenia and

schizoaffective disorders

18 (2.1)

14 (0.4)

5.0 (2.4–10.2)***

4.4 (2.0–10.1)**

Selective mutism

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

N/A

N/A

Other psychoses

35 (4.1)

28 (0.9)

4.7 (2.9–7.8)***

4.2 (2.4–7.2)***

Bipolar disorders

17 (2.0)

24 (0.7)

2.8 (1.5–5.2)*

2.2 (1.1–4.2)*

Unipolar mood disorders

158 (18.4)

276 (8.5)

2.4 (2.0–3.0)***

2.2 (1.7–2.7)***

Anxiety disorders (including childhood anxiety disorders)

66 (7.7)

112 (3.5)

2.4 (1.7–3.3)***

2.1 (1.5–3.1)***

Personality disorders

48 (5.6)

51 (1.6)

3.7 (2.4–5.6)***

3.3 (2.1–5.1)***

Alcohol and drug addiction/abuse

43 (5.0)

84 (2.6)

2.0 (1.4–2.9)**

1.7 (1.2–2.6)*

Attention-deficit/

hyperactivity disorders

3 (0.4)

11 (0.3)

1.0 (0.3–3.7)

1.3 (0.4–4.9)

Autism spectrum disorders

0 (0.0)

1 (0.03)

N/A

N/A

Conduct/oppositional defiant disorders

1 (0.1)

3 (0.1)

N/A

N/A

Learning and

coordination disorders

5 (0.6)

3 (0.1)

6.4 (1.5–27.0)*

4.0 (0.9–17.7)

Intellectual disability

5 (0.6)

2 (0.1)

9.6 (1.9–49.7)*

7.9 (1.4–43.2)*

Other psychiatric disorders

97 (11.3)

257 (7.9)

1.5 (1.2–1.9)*

1.4 (1.06–1.8)*

 

Fathers

Cases (N = 841)

N (%)

Controls (N = 3219)

N (%)

OR

(95% CI)

Adjusted ORb

(95% CI)

Schizophrenia and

schizoaffective disorders

8 (1.0)

11 (0.3)

2.7 (1.1–6.7)*

2.1 (0.8–5.4)

Selective mutism

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

N/A

N/A

Other psychoses

17 (2.0)

27 (0.8)

2.6 (1.4–4.9)*

2.1 (1.1–4.1)*

Bipolar disorder

14 (1.7)

35 (1.1)

1.6 (0.8–3.0)

1.6 (0.8–3.1)

Unipolar mood disorders

68 (8.1)

153 (4.8)

1.8 (1.3–2.4)**

1.5 (1.1–2.0)*

Anxiety disorders (including childhood anxiety disorders)

37 (4.4)

81 (2.5)

1.8 (1.2–2.7)*

1.5 (0.98–2.3)

Personality disorders

43 (5.1)

77 (2.4)

2.2 (1.5–3.2)***

1.9 (1.3–2.8)*

Alcohol and drug addiction/abuse

79 (9.4)

143 (4.4)

2.2 (1.7–3.0)***

1.9 (1.4–2.5)***

Attention deficit/

hyperactivity disorders

3 (0.4)

4 (0.1)

3.0 (0.7–13.4)

2.2 (0.5–10.4)

Autism spectrum disorders

3 (0.4)

1 (0.03)

N/A

N/A

Conduct/oppositional defiant disorders

3 (0.4)

3 (0.1)

3.8 (0.8–18.9)

2.9 (0.6–14.8)

Learning and

coordination disorders

5 (0.6)

3 (0.1)

6.4 (1.5–27.0)*

5.6 (1.3–25.0)*

Intellectual disability

2 (0.2)

3 (0.1)

2.7 (0.4–16.0)

1.4 (0.2–9.9)

Other psychiatric disorders

57 (6.8)

165 (5.1)

1.4 (0.99–1.86)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

  1. aAdjusted for maternal socioeconomic status (SES), maternal and paternal age and paternal psychopathology
  2. bAdjusted for maternal SES, maternal and paternal age and maternal psychopathology
  3. Cases without any specific diagnoses in each group were used as reference values.
  4. *P ≤ 0.05 **P ≤ 0.001 ***P < 0.0001
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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