Table 1 Study characteristics and mean scores of depressive symptoms in the visual impairment population (n = 736)
Characteristics | No. (%) of participants | PHQ-9, Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
Age | ||
18–35 years | 157 (21.3) | 6.00 (5.6) |
36–50 years | 186 (25.3) | 6.72 (6.1) |
51–65 years | 200 (27.2) | 4.54 (4.7) |
≥ 66 years | 193 (26.2) | 3.93 (4.3) |
Gender | ||
Women | 403 (54.8) | 5.77 (5.4) |
Men | 333 (45.2) | 4.61 (5.2) |
Education | ||
≥ 14 years | 335 (45.5) | 4.84 (4.9) |
< 14 years | 401 (54.5) | 5.58 (5.6) |
Place of residence | ||
Village/town | 399 (54.2) | 5.78 (5.6) |
Small/large city | 337 (45.8) | 4.60 (4.9) |
Marital status | ||
Married/cohabitant | 347 (47.2) | 5.57 (5.8) |
Unmarried | 389 (52.9) | 4.87 (4.8) |
VI severity | ||
Moderate | 254 (34.5) | 5.32 (5.3) |
Severe | 296 (40.2) | 5.41 (5.6) |
Blind | 186 (25.3) | 4.86 (5.0) |
Other impairments | ||
No | 478 (65.0) | 4.29 (4.7) |
Yes | 258 (35.0) | 7.00 (5.9) |
Years since VI onset | ||
Congenital | 345 (46.9) | 4.87 (4.9) |
Acquired, ≥ 20 years | 148 (20.1) | 4.30 (4.6) |
Acquired, < 20 years | 243 (33.0) | 6.34 (6.1) |
Social isolation | ||
Hardly ever | 439 (59.7) | 3.41 (3.8) |
Some/often | 297 (40.3) | 7.95 (6.1) |
Social support¤ | ||
High | 567 (77.0) | 4.27 (4.4) |
Low/moderate | 169 (23.0) | 8.50 (6.8) |
Adverse exposure | ||
None | 380 (51.6) | 3.87 (4.1) |
Bullying only | 203 (27.6) | 5.46 (5.2) |
Abuse | 153 (20.8) | 8.35 (6.7) |