The Characteristics and Social Functioning of Pathological Social Withdrawal, “Hikikomori,” in a Secondary Care Setting: a One-Year Cohort Study

Table 2 Comparison of Hikikomori patients and others (limited to “visited in person”) at a community psychiatric clinic

	Current Hikikomori		Past Hikikomori		Others		p
	n		n		n		p
Age, median (IQR)	34	39.5 (21.5-51.3)	75	33.0 (23.0-40.0)	151	30.0 (20.0-44.0)	.40
Female, n(%)	34	16 (47.1)	75	41 (54.7)	151	81 (53.6)	.75
School refusal, n(%)	29	18 (62.1)⁺⁺	64	33 (51.6)^##	146	24 (16.4)^++,##	<.001
Number of Clinic visits, median (IQR)	32	1.0 (0-2.0)	69	1.0 (1.0-3.0)*	123	1.0 (0-2.0)*	.002
OASIS score, mean (SD)	30	12.3 (4.1)^#	74	10.8 (4.7)⁺	143	8.0 (4.9)^#,+	<.001
Diagnosis
3F0	34	1 (2.9)	75	0 (0)	151	1 (0.7)	.056
F1		1 (2.9)		3 (4.0)		2 (1.3)
F2		2 (5.9)		7 (9.3)		7 (4.6)
F3		7 (20.6)		17 (22.7)		19 (12.6)
F4		16 (47.1)		33 (44.0)		86 (57.0)
F5		0 (0)		1 (1.3)		0 (0)
F6		0 (0)		1 (1.3)		0 (0)
F7		3 (8.8)		0 (0)		19 (12.6)
F8		4 (11.8)		6 (8.0)		8 (5.3)
F9		0 (0)		6 (8.0)		8 (5.3)
Unclear/ Undecided		0 (0)		1 (1.3)		1 (0.7)

Notes. p: ANOVA for parametric outcome and Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric outcome, *Adjusted Kruskal-Wallis test p = .001; ^#,+ Bonferroni test p < .001; ^++,## Ryan test p < .001. Symbols are matched to indicate where, for the indicated two groups, the difference between those groups were significant.
Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, SD Standard deviation, F0 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders, F1 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use, F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders, F3 Mood [affective] disorders, F4 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders, F5 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors, F6 Disorders of adult personality and behavior, F7 Mental retardation, F8 Disorders of psychological development, F9 Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence

ISSN: 1471-244X