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Table 2 Potential risk factors of severe overall symptoms at 4-month follow-upa

From: Loneliness as a predictor of outcomes in mental disorders among people who have experienced a mental health crisis: a 4-month prospective study

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Coefficient

95% CI

p-Valueb

Coefficientc

95% CI

p-Value

Coefficient

95% CI

p-Value

Coefficient

95% CI

p-Value

Psychosocial variables

 Loneliness (ULS-8)

0.92

0.66, 1.17

< 0.001

0.77

0.50, 1.05

< 0.001

0.74

0.45, 1.02

< 0.001

0.25

-0.03, 0.53

0.08

 Social network size (2 items from LSNS-6)

   

−0.37

−0.95, 0.22

0.22

−0.34

−0.95, 0.27

0.27

−0.36

−0.91, 0.19

0.20

 Social capital (HLSSC)

   

−0.49

− 0.97, − 0.02

0.04

−0.29

− 0.78, 0.20

0.25

− 0.08

− 0.53, 0.36

0.71

Socio-demographic variables

 Born in the UK

      

1.78

−1.32, 4.89

0.26

2.59

− 0.20, 5.39

0.07

 Independent accommodation

      

−2.92

−7.70, 1.87

0.23

−0.15

−4.50, 4.19

0.95

Employment

 No

      

reference

     

 In voluntary, protected or sheltered work

      

−0.85

−5.29, 3.60

0.71

0.21

−3.78, 4.21

0.92

 In regular employment

      

−3.81

−6.79, −0.82

0.01

−2.65

−5.35, 0.05

0.06

Living with a partner or with family

      

−0.61

−3.36, 2.13

0.66

−0.38

−2.86, 2.10

0.76

Psychiatric variables

Number of years since first contact with mental health services

 Less than 3 months

      

reference

     

 3 months – 1 year

      

−2.93

−8.03, 2.18

0.26

− 2.13

−6.71, 2.45

0.36

 1–2 years

      

0.59

−5.28, 6.46

0.84

2.31

−2.97, 7.59

0.39

 2–10 years

      

1.62

−2.26, 5.50

0.41

1.50

−1.98, 4.98

0.40

 More than 10 years

      

0.63

−3.50, 4.77

0.76

−0.07

−3.80, 3.65

0.97

Diagnosis

 Psychosis

      

reference

     

 Bipolar affective disorder/Manic episode

      

−0.43

−4.47, 3.62

0.84

0.29

−3.34, 3.93

0.87

 Depressive/Anxiety disorders

      

0.05

−3.49, 3.58

0.98

0.51

−2.66, 3.68

0.75

 Personality disorders

      

2.13

−2.26, 6.53

0.34

1.11

−2.87, 5.10

0.58

 Other disorders

      

−2.99

−8.10, 2.12

0.25

−2.75

−7.33, 1.84

0.24

Overall symptoms at baseline (BPRS)

         

0.49

0.38, 0.61

< 0.001

R2adj

0.138

0.149

0.181

0.344

  1. CI Confidence Interval, ULS-8 UCLA Loneliness Scale-8, LSNS-6 Lubben Social Network Scale-6, HLSSC Health and Lifestyles Survey Social Capital Questionnaire, BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, R2adj adjusted-R2
  2. aUsing multivariable linear regression analyses with overall symptom severity score at 4-month follow-up as dependent variable and factors with p < 0.25 in both Additional file 1: Tables S2 and S3 as independent variables
  3. bSignificant p-values printed in bold
  4. cNegative regression coefficient = less severe overall symptoms
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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