Table 2 The neuropsychological test battery

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III)¹

Logical memory I

Task: History recitation

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.88^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.77^b

SE_M: 1.04^a

S_diff: 1.47

Logical Memory II

Task: Delayed history recitation

Higher

Low internal consistency:

0.84^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.77^b

SE_M: 1.20^a

S_diff: 1.70

Verbal Paired Associates I

Task: Word pairing

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.95^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.77^b

SE_M: 0.67^a

S_diff: 0.95

Verbal Paired Associates II

Task: Delayed word pairing

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.88^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.73^b

SE_M: 1.04^a

S_diff: 1.47

Faces I

Task: Face recognition among other faces

Higher

Low internal consistency:

0.77^a

Low test – retest: 0.64^b

SE_M: 1.44^a

S_diff: 2.04

Faces II

Task: Delayed face recognition

Higher

Low internal consistency: 0.83^a

Low test – retest: 0.58^b

SE_M: 1.24^a

S_diff: 1.75

Family Pictures I

Task: Picture recall

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.86^a

Low test – retest: 0.61^b

SE_M: 1.12^a

S_diff: 1.58

Family Pictures II

Task: Delayed picture recall

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.85^a

Low test – retest: 0.67^b

SE_M: 1.16^a

S_diff: 1.64

Letter-Number Sequencing

Task: Recall and ordering letters and numbers

Higher

Low internal consistency:

0.75^a

Low test – retest: 0.61^b

SE_M: 1.50^a

S_diff: 2.12

Spatial Span

Task: Visual pointing recall

Higher

Low internal consistency:

0.82^a

Low test – retest: 0.65^b

SE_M: 1.27^a

S_diff: 1.80

Auditory Immediate Index

Index: Measuring auditory immediate memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.93^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.84^b

SE_M: 3.97^a

S_diff: 5.61

Auditory Delayed Index

Index: Measuring auditory delayed memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.90^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.82^b

SE_M: 4.74^a

S_diff: 6.70

Visual Immediate Index

Index: Measuring visual immediate memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.85^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.74^b

SE_M: 5.81^a

S_diff: 8.22

Visual Delayed Index

Index: Measuring visual delayed memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.87^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.74^b

SE_M: 5.41^a

S_diff: 7.65

Immediate Memory index

Index: Measuring immediate memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.92^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.84^b

SE_M: 4.24^a

S_diff: 3.17

Auditory Recognition Delayed Index

Index: Measuring recognition

Higher

Low internal consistency:

0.74^a

Low test – retest: 0.60^b

SE_M: 7.65^a

S_diff: 10.82

General Memory Index

Index: A global measure of delayed memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.93^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.87^b

SE_M: 3.97^a

S_diff: 5.61

Working Memory Index

Index: Measuring working memory

Higher

Adequate internal consistency: 0.85^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.70^b

SE_M: 5.81^a

S_diff: 8.22

Processing Speed Index (PSI) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV)²

Symbol Search

Task: Search for symbols in rows of symbols

Higher

Low internal consistency: 0.73^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.75^c

SE_M: 1.56^a

S_diff: 2.21

Symbol Search errors

–

Lower

–

Coding

Task: Write correct symbols under numbers

Higher

Internal consistency: 0.84^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.83^c

SE_M: 1.20^a

S_diff: 1.70

Coding errors

–

Lower

–

Processing Speed Index

Index: Measuring processing speed (and attention)

Higher

Adequate internal consistency:

0.87^a

Adequate test – retest: 0.87^c

SE_M: 5.41^a

S_diff: 7.65

d2-R Test of Attention – Revised³

Processed Targets

Task: Search for d’s with marks in rows of letters with marks

Higher

–

Errors

–

Lower

–

Accuracy (% errors)

–

Lower

–

Corrected total score

Measuring attention, (and processing speed and response inhibition)

Higher

High test – retest: 0.87

SE_M: 40.1^d

S_diff: 56.71

Concentration Performance

Measuring concentration

Higher

High test – retest: 0.91

SE_M: 17.6^d

S_diff: 24.89

Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)⁴:

Verbal Fluency Test

Condition 1: Phonemic/ Letter Fluency

Task: Words with specific first letter

Measuring word fluency

Higher

High internal consistency: 0.90^e

Moderate test – retest: 0.76^f

SE_M: 0.97^e

S_diff: 1.37

Condition 2: Semantic/ Category Fluency

Task: Animals and boy’s names

Measuring word fluency

Higher

Moderate internal consistency: 0.76^e

Good test – retest: 0.81^f

SE_M: 1.48^e

S_diff: 2.09

Condition 3: Category Switching

Task: Switch between furniture and fruits

Measuring cognitive flexibility

Higher

Moderate internal consistency: 0.68^e

Low test – retest: 0.49^f

SE_M: 1.71^e

S_diff: 2.42

Repetition Errors

–

Lower

–

Category Errors

–

Lower

–

Design Fluency Test

Condition 1: Filled Dot

Task: Draw different designs

Measuring design fluency

Higher

Moderate test – retest: 0.62^f

SE_M: 1.94^g

S_diff: 2.74

Condition 2: Empty Dots Only

Task: Draw different designs without the use of filled dots

Measuring design fluency and response inhibition

Higher

Moderate test – retest: 0.73^f

SE_M: 1.98^g

S_diff: 2.80

Condition 3: Switching

Task: Switch between filled and empty dots

Measuring cognitive flexibility

Higher

Low test – retest: 0.22^f

SE_M: 2.47^g

S_diff: 3.49

Repetition Errors

–

Lower

–

Category Errors

–

Lower

–

Trail Making Test

Condition 1: Visual search

Task: Cross 3’s among numbers and letters

Measuring attention, and processing speed

Lower

Low test – retest: 0.55^f

Condition 2: Numbers

Task: Draw line between numbers in order among numbers and letters

Measuring attention and processing speed

Lower

Low test – retest: 0.54^f

Condition 3: Letters

Task: Draw line between letters in order among numbers and letters

Measuring attention and processing speed

Lower

Low test – retest: 0.48^f

Condition 4: Number-Letter

Task: Switch between numbers and letters

Measuring cognitive flexibility

Lower

Low test – retest: 0.36^f

Condition 4 Errors

–

Lower

–

Condition 5: Motor Speed

–

Lower

Moderate test – retest: 0.73^f

Combined Number + Letter Sequencing

–

Lower

Moderate internal consistency: 0.78^e

Moderate test – retest: 0.64^f

SE_M: 1.41^g

S_diff: 1.99

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Revised and Expanded (WCST)⁵

Trials Administered

Task: Matching cards to key cards based on color, form, or number

Lower

–

Correct trials

–

Higher

–

Errors

–

Lower

Generalizability coefficient: 0.71

SE_M: 8.08

Perseverative Responses

Measuring cognitive inflexibility

Lower

Generalizability coefficient: 0.53

SE_M: 10.28

Perseverative Errors

Measuring cognitive inflexibility

Lower

Generalizability coefficient: 0.52

SE_M: 10.39

Non-perseverative Errors

–

Lower

Generalizability coefficient: 0.72

SE_M: 7.94

Conceptual Level Responses

–

Higher

–

Categories Completed

–

Higher

–

Failure to Maintain Set

–

Lower

–