Table 2 Summary of the PICOS concepts in the reviewed publications
Study | Country | PICOS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | N | Intervention | Comparator | N | Outcomes | Setting | ||
Eiring Ø et al. 2015, [11] | Norway | Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder | 1785 | Stated preferences by means of willingness to pay, conjoint analysis, discrete choice experiment | None | – | Relative value placed on treatment outcomes. | Inpatients, outpatients |
Hostiuc S et al. 2018, [12] | Romania | Schizophrenia | 684 | MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool -Clinical Research | Non-mental illness patients (control) | 548 | Differences in MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool measurements and consent to research participation | Inpatients, outpatients |
Jeste DV et al. 2006, [13] | United States | Schizophrenia | Range: 6–80 | MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool -Treatment -Clinical Research | Non-psychiatric comparison subjects | Range: 15–82 | Differences on MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool | Inpatients and outpatients |
Larkin A et al. 2017, [14] | United Kingdom | Psychosis (non-affective psychotic disorder) | 1823 | Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Positive and negative syndrome scale score | None | – | Factors that help or hinder treatment decision-making capacity. Assessment of direction, magnitude, significance and reliability of reported associations | Inpatients and outpatients |
Lepping P et al. 2015, [15] | United Kingdom | Psychiatric disorder patients | 2483 | Any validated tool to assess capacity for making decisions | Non-psychiatric (medical) patients | 1710 | Incapacity to consent to treatment or admission | Inpatients, outpatients, forensic |
Mukherjee D et al. 2014, [16] | United States | Mental illness patients | 1813 | Iowa Gambling Task | Healthy individuals Individuals with frontal lesions | 3165 | First meta-analysis: effectsizes for comparisons between healthy individuals and those with mental illness Second meta-analysis: raw scores from the IGT across different mental illnesses | Outpatients |
Okai D et al. 2007, [17] | United Kingdom | Psychiatric disorder patients | 851 | Vignettes, 15-item questionnaire, MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool- Treatment, semi-structured interview | None | – | Capacity to consent to treatment | Inpatients and outpatients |
Ruissen AM et al. 2011, [18] | Netherlands | Psychotic and non-psychotic disorder patients | 735 | MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool | None | – | Competence and treatment decision and insight | Inpatients and outpatients |
Spencer BWJ et al. 2017, [19] | United Kingdom | Schizophrenia and non-affective disorders | Not reported | MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool -Treatment -Clinical Research | None | – | Decision making capacity for treatment and research | Inpatient and outpatients |
Wang SB et al. 2017, [20] | Multicountry | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder | 422 | MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool -Clinical Research -Treatment | Healthy controls | 304 | Decision making capacity | Outpatients |
Woodrow A et al. 2018, [21] | United Kingdom | Psychosis | 2276 | Iowa and Cambridge Gambling Tasks | Healthy controls | 1988 | Between-group comparison of performance on IGC instruments | Outpatients |