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Table 2 Resilience, self-perceived stress and emotional analytics (SAM ratings) in patients and controls

From: Viewing an alpine environment positively affects emotional analytics in patients with somatoform, depressive and anxiety disorders as well as in healthy controls

Variable

Group

Comparison

Patients (N = 183)

Mean ± SD

Controls (N = 315)

Mean ± SD

Test statistics

Effect size, d

p-valuea

Resilience (BRS score)

2.78 ± 0.85 ↓

3.76 ± 0.66

Z = -11.84

−1.33

< 0.001

Stress (PSS score)

9.53 ± 3.61 ↑

4.73 ± 2.50

Z = -13.47

1.62

< 0.001

SAM Rating

 Neutral pictures

  Valence

5.09 ± 1.06 ↓

5.65 ± 1.21

Z = -4.696

− 0.48

< 0.001

  Arousal

4.13 ± 1.31 ↑

3.38 ± 1.23

Z = 5.848

0.60

< 0.001

  Dominance

4.78 ± 1.08 ↓

5.13 ± 1.35

Z = -2.312

− 0.15

0.021

 Alpine pictures

  Valence

6.99 ± 1.68 ↓

7.85 ± 1.12

Z = -5.661

−0.64

< 0.001

  Arousal

5.01 ± 1.76

5.17 ± 1.94

Z = -1.218

− 0.09

0.223

  Dominance

5.85 ± 1.52 ↓

6.42 ± 1.58

Z = -3.655

−0.37

< 0.001

  Attraction

6.62 ± 2.10 ↓

7.52 ± 1.48

Z = -4.106

−0.52

< 0.001

 Comparison (Alpine>Neutral)

  Valence

1.91 ± 1.80 ***

2.19 ± 1.42 ***

Z = -1.466

−0.18

0.143

  Arousal

0.87 ± 2.11 ↓**

1.79 ± 1.91 ***

Z = -4.741

−0.46

< 0.001

  Dominance

1.09 ± 1.61 ***

1.29 ± 1.67 ***

Z = -1.465

−0.12

0.143

  1. Abbreviations: BRS Brief Resilience Scale 13, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, SAM Self-Assesment Manikin, SD standard deviation
  2. ap-values were calculated using Mann-Whitney U-test
  3. ↑ Significantly higher scores in patients than in healthy controls.
  4. ↓ Significantly lower scores in patients than in healthy controls.
  5. ** Difference “alpine – neutral” significantly greater than 0, Z = 3.25, p < 0.01
  6. *** Difference “alpine – neutral” significantly greater than 0, always Z ≥ 4.5, p < 0.001