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Table 1 Patient characteristics at baseline (total n = 2599 of which n = 1961 for cycle E and n = 638 for cycle F)

From: Mastery and self-esteem mediate the association between visual acuity and mental health: a population-based longitudinal cohort study

Independent variables

Visual acuity (logMAR), mean (SE)

0.08 (0.003)

Visual Group†

 No visual impairment, N (%)

2020 (78%)

 Low vision, N (%)

32 (1,2%)

 Missing, N (%)

547 (21%)

Dependent variables Ò‚

 Depression (θ), mean (SE)

0.0044 (0.0186)

 Anxiety (θ), mean (SE)

0.086 (0.0170)

 Mastery (θ), mean (SE)

0.046 (0.0192)

 Self-esteem (θ), mean (SE)

− 0.00122 (0.0186)

Other variables

 Age, mean (SE)

72 (0.181)

Age Group

 Up to 65 years, N (%)

682 (26.2%)

 65 to 90 years, N (%)

1814 (70%)

 90 years and up, N (%)

103 (4.0%)

Female gender, N (%)

1457 (56%)

Living independently, N (%)

2251 (87%)

Currently married, N (%)

1573 (61%)

Dutch nationality, N (%)

2585 (99%)

Network size, mean (SE; range)

16.1 (0.200; 0–67)

Number of chronic somatic disorders

 None, N (%)

650 (25%)

 One, N (%)

892 (34%)

 Two or more, N (%)

783 (30%)

 Missing, N (%)

274 (11%)

No functional limitations, N (%)

1075 (41%)

Having a partner, N (%)

1683 (65%)

No special housing adjustments, N (%)

1709 (66%)

  1. † Low vision was defined as logMAR visual acuity of 0.50 and higher
  2. ҂ Factor scores (range: −4.0 to 4.0), representing latent trait scores, acquired by Item Response Theory (IRT-)analysis on the used questionnaires – for depression; CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale) [29], HADS-A (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety Subscale) [30], PMS-5 (5-item Pearlin Mastery Scale) [31] and RSES (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) [32]