Table 3 Distribution of participants’ characteristics and their univariable association with anxiety/depression
From: COVID-19 pandemic- knowledge, perception, anxiety and depression among frontline doctors of Pakistan
Variables | Anxious/Depressed n (%) | Non-anxious/non-depressed n (%) | Total N (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | |||||
< 35 | 97 (49.7) | 98 (50.3) | 195 (100) | 1.79 (1.19–2.69) | **0.005 |
≥ 35 | 69 (35.6) | 125 (64.4) | 194 (100) | Ref | |
Gender | |||||
Male | 84 (41.8) | 117 (58.2) | 201 (100) | Ref | |
Female | 82 (43.6) | 106 (56.4) | 188 (100) | 1.07 (0.72–1.61) | 0.716 |
Province | |||||
Sindh | 79 (46.5) | 91 (53.5) | 170 (100) | 1.16 (0.70–1.95) | 0.562 |
Punjab | 49 (37.7) | 81 (62.3) | 130 (100) | 0.81 (0.47–1.41) | 0.458 |
KPK + AJK + Balochistan | 38 (42.7) | 51 (57.3) | 89 (100) | Ref | |
Designation | |||||
Residents | 130 (45) | 159 (55) | 289 (100) | 1.45 (0.91–2.32) | 0.118 |
Consultants | 36 (36) | 64 (64) | 100 (100) | Ref | |
Current area of practice | |||||
Public sector | 97 (46.6) | 111 (53.4) | 208 (100) | 1.42 (0.94–2.13) | 0.091 |
Private sector | 69 (38.1) | 112 (61.9) | 181 (100) | Ref | |
Current area of work | |||||
Emergency | 87 (59.2) | 60 (40.8) | 147 (100) | 3.50 (1.81–6.73) | ** < 0.001 |
OPD | 50 (32.7) | 103 (67.3) | 153 (100) | 1.17 (0.61–2.26) | 0.639 |
Ward | 12 (38.7) | 19 (61.3) | 31 (100) | 1.52 (0.61–3.81) | 0.369 |
Other | 17 (29.3) | 41 (70.7) | 58 (100) | Ref | |
What is the mortality rate among those who are positive in Pakistan? | |||||
≤ 5% | 146 (42.6) | 197 (57.4) | 343 (100) | 0.96 (0.52–1.79) | 0.906 |
> 5% | 20 (43.5) | 26 (56.5) | 46 (100) | Ref | |
Are you at present directly involved in care of COVID confirmed patients? | |||||
No | 59 (30.6) | 134 (69.4) | 193 (100) | Ref | |
Yes | 107 (54.6) | 89 (45.4) | 196 (100) | 2.73 (1.80–4.14) | ** < 0.001 |
How many patients with COVID are admitted in your hospital? | |||||
≤ 5 | 98 (36.7) | 169 (63.3) | 267 (100) | Ref | |
> 5 | 68 (55.7) | 54 (44.3) | 122 (100) | 2.17 (1.41–3.36) | ** < 0.001 |
How many COVID suspects do you see every day? | |||||
≤ 5 | 85 (32.7) | 175 (67.3) | 260 (100) | Ref | |
> 5 | 81 (62.8) | 48 (37.2) | 129 (100) | 3.47 (2.24–5.40) | ** < 0.001 |
How many hours/ week are you working? | |||||
≤ 20 h | 62 (52.5) | 56 (47.5) | 118 (100) | 1.78 (1.15–2.75) | *0.010 |
> 20 h | 104 (38.4) | 167 (61.6) | 271 (100) | Ref | |
Do you fear that you are unprotected? | |||||
No | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) | 24 (100) | Ref | |
To some extent | 64 (35) | 119 (65) | 183 (100) | 1.08 (0.44–2.65) | 0.874 |
Yes | 94 (51.6) | 88 (48.4) | 182 (100) | 2.14 (0.87–5.24) | 0.097 |
Are you satisfied with the personal protective equipment provided to you? | |||||
No | 66 (45.2) | 80 (54.8) | 146 (100) | 1.02 (0.53–1.98) | 0.950 |
To some extent | 79 (40.3) | 117 (59.7) | 196 (100) | 0.84 (0.44–1.59) | 0.584 |
Yes | 21 (44.7) | 26 (55.3) | 47 (100) | Ref | |
Your household members include adults | |||||
No | 59 (41.8) | 82 (58.2) | 141 (100) | Ref | |
Yes | 107 (43.1) | 141 (56.9) | 248 (100) | 1.06 (0.69–1.60) | 0.803 |
Your household members include elderly | |||||
No | 101 (40.1) | 151 (59.9) | 252 (100) | Ref | |
Yes | 65 (47.4) | 72 (52.6) | 137 (100) | 1.35 (0.89–2.05) | 0.161 |
Your household members include children | |||||
No | 70 (35.5) | 127 (64.5) | 197 (100) | Ref | |
Yes | 96 (50) | 96 (50) | 192 (100) | 1.81 (1.21–2.72) | **0.004 |
Overall knowledge of COVID-19 | |||||
Moderate to low | 103 (60.9%) | 66 (39.1) | 169 (100) | 3.89 (2.54–5.96) | ** < 0.001 |
High | 63 (28.6) | 157 (71.4) | 220 (100) | Ref | |