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Table 1 Characteristics of cases after propensity score matching

From: Association of ocular diseases with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a retrospective case-control, population-based study

 

Bipolar Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder

Schizophrenia

Variable

BD

(n = 2243)

Control

(n = 8972)

STD

MDD

(n = 10,110)

Control

(n = 40,440)

STD

Schizophrenia

(n = 1623)

Control

(n = 6492)

STD

Male

838 (37.4)

3311 (36.9)

0.01

3561 (35.2)

14,126 (34.9)

0.01

699 (43.1)

2753 (42.4)

0.01

Age (years)

43.5 ± 16.1

43.3 ± 15.9

0.01

47.7 ± 16.9

47.3 ± 17.3

0.03

41.9 ± 14.3

42.3 ± 14.5

− 0.03

Urbanization level

 Low

152 (6.8)

583 (6.5)

0.01

781 (7.7)

3137 (7.8)

< 0.01

174 (10.7)

665 (10.2)

0.02

 Moderate

584 (26.0)

2384 (26.6)

−0.01

2787 (27.6)

11,135 (27.5)

< 0.01

474 (29.2)

1926 (29.7)

−0.01

 High

768 (34.2)

3034 (33.8)

0.01

3373 (33.4)

13,564 (33.5)

< 0.01

494 (30.4)

1969 (30.3)

< 0.01

 Very High

739 (32.9)

2971 (33.1)

< 0.01

3169 (31.3)

12,604 (31.2)

< 0.01

481 (29.6)

1932 (29.8)

< 0.01

Monthly income, NTD

 0–17,880

886 (39.5)

3553 (39.6)

< 0.01

3419 (33.8)

13,798 (34.1)

−0.01

920 (56.7)

3673 (56.6)

< 0.01

 17,881–22,800

757 (33.7)

3051 (34.0)

−0.01

3373 (33.4)

13,499 (33.4)

< 0.01

485 (29.9)

2035 (31.3)

−0.03

  > 22,800

600 (26.7)

2368 (26.4)

0.01

3318 (32.8)

13,143 (32.5)

0.01

218 (13.4)

784 (12.1)

0.04

Comorbidity

 Anxiety disorder

1399 (62.4)

5553 (61.9)

0.01

5307 (52.5)

21,312 (52.7)

< 0.01

655 (40.4)

2626 (40.4)

< 0.01

 Hypertension

521 (23.2)

1976 (22.0)

0.03

2918 (28.9)

11,390 (28.2)

0.02

263 (16.2)

1057 (16.3)

< 0.01

 Dyslipidemia

409 (18.2)

1532 (17.1)

0.03

2252 (22.3)

8766 (21.7)

0.01

179 (11.0)

715 (11.0)

< 0.01

 Diabetes

268 (11.9)

1040 (11.6)

0.01

1351 (13.4)

5213 (12.9)

0.01

136 (8.4)

552 (8.5)

< 0.01

 Coronary heart disease

262 (11.7)

973 (10.8)

0.03

1649 (16.3)

6283 (15.5)

0.02

112 (6.9)

481 (7.4)

−0.02

 COPD

203 (9.1)

781 (8.7)

0.01

1115 (11.0)

4391 (10.9)

0.01

113 (7.0)

459 (7.1)

< 0.01

 Chronic kidney disease

151 (6.7)

593 (6.6)

< 0.01

815 (8.1)

3145 (7.8)

0.01

80 (4.9)

345 (5.3)

−0.02

 Stroke

71 (3.2)

267 (3.0)

0.01

441 (4.4)

1643 (4.1)

0.01

47 (2.9)

187 (2.9)

< 0.01

CCI score

0.56 ± 1.13

0.55 ± 1.21

0.01

0.68 ± 1.24

0.62 ± 1.23

0.05

0.39 ± 0.96

0.38 ± 1.01

0.01

  1. BD bipolar disorder; MDD major depressive disorder; STD standardized difference; OPD outpatient clinic; OPH ophthalmology; NTD new Taiwan dollar; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index; Data are presented as the frequency (percentage) or the mean ± standard deviation