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Table 4 Association between each ocular disease and the risk of schizophrenia

From: Association of ocular diseases with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a retrospective case-control, population-based study

 

Number (%)

Risk of schizophrenia

Ocular Disease

Schizophrenia

(n = 1623)

Control

(n = 6492)

OR (95% CI)

P

Age-related macular degeneration

10 (0.62)

36 (0.55)

1.11 (0.55–2.25)

0.768

Central serous retinopathy

0 (0.0)

8 (0.12)

NA

NA

Retinal vascular occlusion

0 (0.0)

13 (0.20)

NA

NA

Diabetic retinopathy

14 (0.86)

71 (1.09)

0.79 (0.44–1.40)

0.418

Glaucoma

39 (2.40)

107 (1.65)

1.47 (1.02–2.11)

0.037

 Glaucoma suspect

15 (0.92)

32 (0.49)

1.88 (1.01–3.49)

0.045

 Open-angle glaucoma

12 (0.74)

22 (0.34)

2.19 (1.13–4.26)

0.021

 Closed-angle glaucoma

6 (0.37)

29 (0.45)

0.83 (0.34–2.00)

0.673

 Undetermined glaucoma

19 (1.2)

46 (0.7)

1.66 (0.98–2.81)

0.059

Dry eye syndrome

78 (4.81)

295 (4.54)

1.06 (0.82–1.37)

0.655

Optic neuropathy

0 (0.0)

3 (0.05)

NA

NA

Negative control exposure

 Retinal detachment

2 (0.12)

13 (0.20)

0.61 (0.14–2.73)

0.523

 Uveitis

5 (0.31)

23 (0.35)

0.87 (0.33–2.29)

0.777

 Blepharitis

26 (1.60)

137 (2.11)

0.76 (0.50–1.15)

0.188

  1. OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval, NA not applicable