Repetitive negative thinking is associated with subjective cognitive decline in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Adjusted associations with SCD assessed continuously via self-perceived cognitive function and SCD assessed categorically via endorsement of memory complaints, and final prediction models (n = 490)

	Self-perceived cognitive function (standardised)			Memory complaints (binary)
	Adjusted models^a
	Multivariable linear regression model			Multivariable logistic regression model
Explanatory variables	Coefficient	95% CI	p-value	Odds ratio^b	95% CI	p-value
Age (1 year)	− 0.002	−0.02 to 0.02	0.850	1.03	0.98 to 1.08	0.258
Female (vs male)	0.15	−0.01 to 0.31	0.063	0.85	0.54 to 1.34	0.477
Education (1 year)	0.01	−0.01 to 0.04	0.238	1.02	0.95 to 1.09	0.586
Repetitive negative thinking (1 SD)	−0.24	− 0.36 to − 0.12	< 0.001	1.64	1.16 to 2.31	0.005
Rumination (1 SD)	−0.11	−0.20 to − 0.01	0.026	–	–	–
Worry (1 SD)	−0.12	− 0.26 to 0.02	0.103	0.94	0.64 to 1.37	0.734
Purpose in life (1 SD)	0.12	0.02 to 0.21	0.017	0.96	0.74 to 1.25	0.768
Conscientiousness (1 SD)	0.10	0.02 to 0.18	0.011	0.84	0.67 to 1.06	0.146
Extraversion (1 SD)	0.06	−0.02 to 0.14	0.169	–	–	–
Agreeableness (1 SD)	0.03	−0.05 to 0.11	0.482	–	–	–
Neuroticism (1 SD)	−0.05	−0.16 to 0.07	0.418	1.18	0.86 to 1.62	0.306
	Final prediction models^c
	Multivariable linear regression model			Multivariable logistic regression model
Explanatory variables	Coefficient	95% CI	p-value	Odds ratio^b	95% CI	p-value
Age (1 year)	0.001	−0.02 to 0.02	0.931	1.03	0.98 to 1.08	0.256
Female (vs. male)	0.16	0.003 to 0.32	0.046	0.83	0.54 to 1.30	0.418
Education (1 year)	0.01	−0.01 to 0.04	0.252	1.02	0.96 to 1.09	0.502
Repetitive negative thinking (1 SD)	−0.52	− 0.59 to − 0.44	< 0.001	1.81	1.46 to 2.26	< 0.001

One participant had missing data on repetitive negative thinking and thus all models include 490 participants. Abbreviations: SCD, subjective cognitive decline; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval
^aThe adjusted models include all explanatory variables with p < 0.01 in the univariable regression models. Age, sex, and education were retained based on their well-established association with dementia
^bIn the multivariable logistic regression model, for binary explanatory variables (sex), the estimate describes the odds of memory complaints in one group relative to the reference category (indicated in parentheses) when controlling for all other variables in the model. For continuous explanatory variables, the estimate reflects the expected increase in the odds of memory complaints for a one unit increase (indicated in parentheses) in the explanatory variable when controlling for all other variables in the model
^cThe final prediction models retained all predictors with p < 0.01 in the adjusted models. Age, sex, and education were retained based on their well-known association with dementia

ISSN: 1471-244X