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Table 1 Comparison between the two diabetic (depression and non-depression) and non-diabetic groups

From: Correlation of lower 2 h C-peptide and elevated evening cortisol with high levels of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

Non-diabetic subjects

Diabetic subjects

 

Depressive

Non-depressive

 

PHQ-94

PHQ-97

PHQ-94

 

n = 50

n = 59

n = 77

p

Age(years)

52.23 ± 8.50

53.12 ± 6.80

51.45 ± 7.66

0.215

Years of education, median (IQR)

8(6, 16)

8(8, 10)

8(6, 11.5)

0.250

Female/male

19/31

18/41

30/47

0.562

BMI(kg/m2)

24.16 ± 4.74

25.69 ± 4.38

24.25 ± 4.99

0.113

Duration of diabetes(years)

 

2(0.9, 7.8)

2(0.8, 6.9)

0.392

History of hypertension (yes/no)

8/42

20/39

22/55

0.100

FBG(mmol/l)

5.25 ± 0.28a

10.33 ± 3.49

9.56 ± 2.52b

0.000

PBG(mmol/l)

6.41 ± 1.85a

12.48 ± 4.98

11.91 ± 4.08b

0.000

HbA1c(%)

5.35 ± 0.48a

9.86 ± 2.89

9.52 ± 2.23b

0.000

FCP(nmol/l)

0.47 ± 0.18a

0.61 ± 0.49

0.53 ± 0.19

0.018

2hCP(nmol/l)

1.51 ± 0.66a

1.03 ± 0.47c

1.46 ± 0.64

0.001

MBG(mmol/l)

 

7.89 ± 1.59

7.64 ± 1.35

0.708

MAGE(mmol/l)

 

5.95 ± 1.87c

4.41 ± 1.63

0.000

SDBG(mmol/l)

 

2.76 ± 1.79c

1.90 ± 1.43

0.000

LAGE(mmol/l)

 

10.66 ± 3.41c

8.12 ± 3.49

0.000

24-h urine cortisol (μg/dl)

226.98 ± 299.45

320.41 ± 311.74

230.49 ± 337.57

0.079

8:00 am Plasma cortisol (μg/dl)

15.59 ± 4.64

16.90 ± 8.85

15.93 ± 6.66

0.570

4:00 pm Plasma cortisol (μg/dl)

8.96 ± 4.45

11.14 ± 9.73

8.68 ± 4.23

0.101

12:00 pm Plasma cortisol (μg/dl)

3.41 ± 3.39a

7.88 ± 5.67c

5.61 ± 4.57b

0.000

Fasting ghrelin(ng/ml)

11.84 ± 1.57a

9.67 ± 1.93c

11.47 ± 1.62

0.001

Fasting leptin(ng/ml)

10.23(9.71, 14.92)

11.79(7.46, 15.20)

10.70(6.08, 14.03)

0.467

Ghrelin changes(ng/ml)

−0.94 ± 1.09a

−0.40 ± 0.97

−0.61 ± 0.80

0.022

PHQ-9

1.92 ± 0.95a

8.94 ± 2.35c

2.05 ± 1.07

0.000

CES-D

4.31 ± 3.52a

12.33 ± 6.23c

6.01 ± 3.48

0.000

  1. PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, BMI Body mass index, FBG Plasma glucose before the meal, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, PBG Postprandial blood glucose, FCP Fasting C-peptide, 2hCP 2 h postprandial C-peptide MBG, the day time mean values blood glucose, MAGE Mean amplitude of glucose excursions, SDBG Standard deviation blood glucose, LAGE Large amplitude of glycemic excursions, ghrelin changes the changes before and after meals, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, IQR Interquartile range
  2. p-value: One dimensional analysis of variance (ANOVA) significance level when comparing three groups above; chi-square (x2) significance level for categorical variables. Independent sample t test significant level for two independent samples
  3. aThere was a significant difference between the non-diabetic and the depressive subjects with diabetes
  4. bThere was a significant difference between the non-diabetic and non-depressive subjects with diabetes
  5. cThere was a significant difference between the non-depressive and depressive subjects with diabetes