Table 3 Association of socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidities and health seeking behavior with depression categories (n = 280)
Variables | Total (n = 280) | GDS-15 score < 5 (n = 152) | GDS-15 score 5–8 (n = 104) | GDS-15 score 9–15 (n = 24) | P- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDS-15 Score, Median (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 2 (1–3) | 6 (5.5–7) | 10 (9–11) | NA |
GDS-5 Score, Median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 0.5 (0–1) | 2 (1–2) | 3 (3–4) | <.001a |
Age, median (IQR) | 70 (65–70) | 70 (65–76) | 71 (65–78) | 68 (64.5–75) | 0.458a |
Female, n (%) | 171 (61) | 89 (58.6) | 62 (59.6) | 20 (83.3) | 0.064b |
Marital status-single, n (%) | 109 (38.9) | 59 (38.8) | 43 (41.3) | 7 (29.2) | 0.544b |
No formal education, n (%) | 231 (82.5) | 126 (82.9) | 84 (80.8) | 21 (87.5) | 0.723b |
unemployed, n (%) | 195 (69.6) | 101 (66.4) | 79 (76) | 15 (62.5) | 0.194b |
Finance resource (not enough and just enough), n (%) | 36 (12.9) | 19 (12.5) | 11 (10.6) | 6 (25) | 0.161b |
Alcohol, n (%) | 50 (17.9) | 25 (16.4) | 19 (18.3) | 6 (25) | 0.591b |
Pain, n (%) | 217 (77.5) | 113 (74.3) | 83 (79.8) | 21 (87.5) | 0.278b |
Frequency of pain in 1 week, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (0–4) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (2.5–5.5) | 0.014a |
Disturbed sleep, n (%) | 159 (56.8) | 68 (44.7) | 76 (73.1) | 15 (62.5) | <.001b |
Visit to local healer, n (%) | 85 (30.4) | 21 (13.8) | 52 (50) | 12 (50) | <.001b |
Self-perceived presence of heart and mind disease, n(%) | 94 (33.6) | 30 (19.7) | 52 (50) | 12 (50) | <.001b |
Mobility, needs support, n (%) | 89 (31.8) | 43 (28.3) | 42 (40.4) | 4 (16.7) | 0.031b |
Previous ER visit, n (%) | 208 (74.3) | 109 (71.5) | 82 (78.8) | 17 (70.8) | 0.405b |
Frequency of ED visits in last 1 year, median (IQR) | 2 (0–3) | 1.5 (0–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (0–5) | 0.047a |
COPD, n (%) | 166 (59.3) | 88 (57.9) | 62 (59.6) | 16 (66.7) | 0.716b |
CVD, n (%) | 104 (37.1) | 60 (39.5) | 36 (34.6) | 8 (33.3) | 0.675b |
DM, n (%) | 22 (7.9) | 14 (9.2) | 6 (5.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0.601b |
MSK, n (%) | 47 (16.8) | 24 (15.8) | 14 (13.5) | 9 (37.5) | 0.016b |