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Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs) for urinary incontinence (UI) (dependent variable) for persons with high anxiety score- and for persons with high depression-score (HADS-A and HADS-D ≥ 8, respectively) versus normal anxiety-score and normal depression-score (HADS-A and HADS-D < 8, respectively) (independent variables). ORs for the different drug groups by different volume (DDD) of drug use. N = 21,803

From: Urinary incontinence associated with anxiety and depression: the impact of psychotropic drugs in a cross-sectional study from the Norwegian HUNT study

 

Anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 8)

Depression (HADS-D ≥ 8)

OR *

OR**

OR*

OR**

Reference (HADS-A/−D < 8)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Any UI

1.48 (1.36–1.60)

1.48 (1.36–1.61)

1.58 (1.42–1.76)

1.55 (1.39–1.73)

Antidepressants (n = 1947)

Low DDD (n = 866)

 

1.10 (0.94–1.30)

 

1.12 (0.95–1.32)

Medium DDD (n = 684)

1.30 (1.08–1.55)

1.31 (1.09–1.56)

High DDD (n = 397)

1.36 (1.08–1.71)

1.40 (1.12–1.77)

Opioid analgesics (n = 1697)

Low DDD (n = 674)

 

0.80 (0.67–0.97)

 

0.80 (0.66–0.97)

Medium DDD (n = 678)

1.00 (0.83–1.20)

1.00 (0.83–1.20)

High DDD (n = 345)

1.08 (0.83–1.40)

1.08 (0.83–1.41)

Other analgesics (n = 1412)

Low DDD (n = 417)

 

0.88 (0.69–1.11)

 

0.88 (0.69–1.11)

Medium DDD (n = 744)

0.98 (0.82–1.17)

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

High DDD (n = 251)

1.18 (0.88–1.58)

1.15 (0.86–1.54)

Antiepileptic drugs (n = 393)

Low DDD (n = 156)

 

0.86 (0.58–1.26)

 

0.85 (0.58–1.26)

Medium DDD (n = 165)

1.21 (0.85–1.73)

1.23 (0.86–1.75)

High DDD (n = 72)

1.13 (0.67–1.92)

1.13 (0.67–1.92)

Antiparkinson drugs (n = 95)

Low DDD (n = 36)

 

1.18 (0.55–2.46)

 

1.18 (0.56–2.50)

Medium DDD (n = 40)

1.35 (0.68–2.92)

1.28 (0.62–2.70)

High DDD (n = 19)

2.64 (1.02–6.85)

2.47 (0.94–6.45)

Antipsychotic drugs (n = 379)

Low DDD (n = 153)

 

1.38 (0.96–1.98)

 

1.40 (0.98–2.01)

Medium DDD (n = 143)

0.97 (0.66–1.44)

0.97 (0.66–1.44)

High DDD (n = 83)

1.14 (0.69–1.89)

1.15 (0.70–1.90)

Anxiolytic drugs (n = 1172)

Low DDD (n = 449)

 

0.89 (0.71–1.11)

 

0.94 (0.75–1.17)

Medium DDD (n = 485)

0.80 (0.64–1.00)

0.86 (0.69–1.07)

High DDD (n = 238)

0.64 (0.45–0.91)

0.67 (0.48–0.95)

Hypnotic and sedative drugs (n = 2175)

Low DDD (n = 930)

 

0.96 (0.82–1.13)

 

0.99 (0.84–1.15)

Medium DDD (n = 827)

0.79 (0.66–0.94)

0.80 (0.67–0.95)

High DDD (n = 418)

1.00 (0.79–1.28)

1.02 (0.80–1.30)

  1. *Adjusted for age, BMI, parity, diabetes, asthma, myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke, chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, use of urologic medication and use of estrogen replacement medication. ** Adjusted for the factors* and in addition psychotropic drugs. DDD: defined daily dose
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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