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Table 1 Lifetime demographic and clinical characteristics between non-TRD and TRD patients

From: Investigation of early and lifetime clinical features and comorbidities for the risk of developing treatment-resistant depression in a 13-year nationwide cohort study

(N = 31,422)

non-TRD group

(N = 20,344) 64.74%

TRD group

(N = 11,078) 35.26%

P value*

Variable

N

%

N

%

 

Female

8048

39.56

6673

60.24

< 0.0001

Urbanization level residencea

    

0.0014

 I–III

16,188

79.61

8985

81.12

 

 IV–VII

4147

20.4

2092

18.88

 

Estimated income via insurance (no income)

3262

16.3

2391

21.82

< 0.0001

All-cause mortality

2653

13.04

1464

13.22

0.6611

Lifetime physical comorbidity

 Diabetes mellitus

3183

15.65

2690

24.28

< 0.0001

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

95

0.47

113

1.02

< 0.0001

 Rheumatoid arthritis

308

1.51

356

3.21

< 0.0001

 Cardiovascular disease

3607

17.73

2805

25.32

< 0.0001

 Renal disease

1829

8.99

1330

12.01

< 0.0001

 Functional gastrointestinal disorders

5250

25.81

4660

42.07

< 0.0001

 Thyroid dysfunction

922

4.53

1058

9.55

< 0.0001

 Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity

 Personality disorders

3065

15.07

2696

24.34

< 0.0001

 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

103

0.51

57

0.51

0.9219

 Substance use disorders

3385

16.64

3659

33.03

< 0.0001

 Anxiety disorders

13,163

64.7

9952

89.84

< 0.0001

 Panic disorder

1224

6.02

1732

15.63

< 0.0001

 Non-organic psychosis

6646

32.67

5320

48.02

< 0.0001

Severe depression*

9338

45.90

6836

61.71

< 0.0001

Converted diagnosis to bipolar disorder

2150

10.57

2496

22.53

< 0.0001

Converted diagnosis to schizophrenia

1502

7.38

1053

9.51

< 0.0001

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

 

Age of onset for depression

37.85

18.82

41.31

15.33

< 0.0001

Age of onset for TRD

…

…

44.62

15.60

 

Numbers of lifetime admissions for MDD

1.43

1.79

3.50

4.69

< 0.0001

Numbers of lifetime outpatient visits for MDD

18.68

31.28

73.29

71.56

< 0.0001

Overall medical care utilization for all subspecialtiesb

2.40

4.09

6.85

15.17

< 0.0001

Days from depression to bipolar disorder

1154.95

1080.22

1704.64

1125.91

< 0.0001

Days from depression to TRD

…

…

1211.53

1004.66

 
  1. TRD treatment-resistant depression, MDD major depression
  2. Note a Seven levels, with one being the most urbanized and seven being the least urbanized
  3. Note b Overall medical care utilization represented numbers of admissions and emergency room visits
  4. Note * P value thresthold < 0.002 for Bonferroni correction
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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