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Table 2 Early comorbidities, prescription pattern, and behavior of seeking medical care between non-TRD and TRD patients

From: Investigation of early and lifetime clinical features and comorbidities for the risk of developing treatment-resistant depression in a 13-year nationwide cohort study

(N = 31,422)

non-TRD group

(N = 20,344) 64.74%

TRD group

(N = 11,078) 35.26%

P value*

Variable

N

%

N

%

 

Early physical comorbiditya

 Diabetes mellitus

2182

10.73

1459

13.17

< 0.0001

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

60

0.29

63

0.57

< 0.0001

 Rheumatoid arthritis

178

0.87

135

1.22

0.0034

 Cardiac vascular disease

2482

13.97

1943

17.54

< 0.0001

 Renal disease

2689

13.22

1773

16

0.0018

 Functional gastrointestinal disorders

3639

17.89

2682

24.21

< 0.0001

 Thyroid dysfunction

556

2.73

515

4.65

< 0.0001

Early psychiatric comorbiditya

 Personality disorders

2164

10.64

924

8.34

< 0.0001

 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

29

0.14

11

0.10

0.3043

 Substance using disorders

2153

10.58

1737

15.68

< 0.0001

 Anxiety disorders

11,994

58.96

9026

81.48

< 0.0001

 Panic disorder

727

3.57

721

6.51

< 0.0001

 Non-organic psychosis

2438

11.98

801

7.23

< 0.0001

Converted diagnosis to BpD within 1 year of onset

2087

10.26

1457

13.15

< 0.0001

Severe depression within 1 year of onset

6910

33.97

2637

23.8

< 0.0001

Prescription pattern within 1 year of onset

 Antidepressants plus antipsychotics or anticonvulsants

2062

10.14

1821

16.44

< 0.0001

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

 

 Dosage of antidepressants (DDD)

142.90

152.90

279.90

223.40

< 0.0001

 Dosage of lithium/mood stabilizers (DDD)

7.26

34.02

8.24

34.14

< 0.0001

 Dosage of antipsychotics (DDD)

23.79

61.72

26.63

64.09

< 0.0001

 Dosage of benzodiazepines and Z drugs (DDD)

260.41

324.74

528.70

529.58

< 0.0001

Health-seeking behavior for psychiatric medical careb

 Numbers of outpatient visits

11.95

9.75

18.87

13.78

< 0.0001

Health seeking behavior for non-psychiatric medical careb

 Numbers of outpatient visits

42.31

41.36

50.09

50.07

< 0.0001

 Numbers of different physicians that patients visited

15.80

10.68

19.15

11.73

< 0.0001

  1. TRD treatment-resistant depression, BpD bipolar disorder, DDD defined daily dose
  2. Notea. Patients had comorbidity before depression onset or within 1 year after onset of depression
  3. Noteb. Duration was within 1 year prior or after onset of depression
  4. Note*. P value threshold < 0.002 for Bonferroni correction