(N = 31,422) | non-TRD group (N = 20,344) 64.74% | TRD group (N = 11,078) 35.26% | P value* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N | % | N | % | Â |
Early physical comorbiditya | |||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 2182 | 10.73 | 1459 | 13.17 | < 0.0001 |
 Systemic lupus erythematosus | 60 | 0.29 | 63 | 0.57 | < 0.0001 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 178 | 0.87 | 135 | 1.22 | 0.0034 |
 Cardiac vascular disease | 2482 | 13.97 | 1943 | 17.54 | < 0.0001 |
 Renal disease | 2689 | 13.22 | 1773 | 16 | 0.0018 |
 Functional gastrointestinal disorders | 3639 | 17.89 | 2682 | 24.21 | < 0.0001 |
 Thyroid dysfunction | 556 | 2.73 | 515 | 4.65 | < 0.0001 |
Early psychiatric comorbiditya | |||||
 Personality disorders | 2164 | 10.64 | 924 | 8.34 | < 0.0001 |
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 29 | 0.14 | 11 | 0.10 | 0.3043 |
 Substance using disorders | 2153 | 10.58 | 1737 | 15.68 | < 0.0001 |
 Anxiety disorders | 11,994 | 58.96 | 9026 | 81.48 | < 0.0001 |
 Panic disorder | 727 | 3.57 | 721 | 6.51 | < 0.0001 |
 Non-organic psychosis | 2438 | 11.98 | 801 | 7.23 | < 0.0001 |
Converted diagnosis to BpD within 1 year of onset | 2087 | 10.26 | 1457 | 13.15 | < 0.0001 |
Severe depression within 1 year of onset | 6910 | 33.97 | 2637 | 23.8 | < 0.0001 |
Prescription pattern within 1 year of onset | |||||
 Antidepressants plus antipsychotics or anticonvulsants | 2062 | 10.14 | 1821 | 16.44 | < 0.0001 |
 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |  |
 Dosage of antidepressants (DDD) | 142.90 | 152.90 | 279.90 | 223.40 | < 0.0001 |
 Dosage of lithium/mood stabilizers (DDD) | 7.26 | 34.02 | 8.24 | 34.14 | < 0.0001 |
 Dosage of antipsychotics (DDD) | 23.79 | 61.72 | 26.63 | 64.09 | < 0.0001 |
 Dosage of benzodiazepines and Z drugs (DDD) | 260.41 | 324.74 | 528.70 | 529.58 | < 0.0001 |
Health-seeking behavior for psychiatric medical careb | |||||
 Numbers of outpatient visits | 11.95 | 9.75 | 18.87 | 13.78 | < 0.0001 |
Health seeking behavior for non-psychiatric medical careb | |||||
 Numbers of outpatient visits | 42.31 | 41.36 | 50.09 | 50.07 | < 0.0001 |
 Numbers of different physicians that patients visited | 15.80 | 10.68 | 19.15 | 11.73 | < 0.0001 |