Investigation of early and lifetime clinical features and comorbidities for the risk of developing treatment-resistant depression in a 13-year nationwide cohort study

Table 3 Multivariable Cox regression^a analysis for risk of treatment-resistant depression

Variable	aHR	95% CI		PAF
Age of onset (depression) **	1.007	1.005	1.008
Female**	1.24	1.19	1.29
Lifetime physical comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus*	1.09	1.04	1.14	1.65%
Cardiovascular disease	0.96	0.91	1.01
Renal disease	0.96	0.90	1.02
Functional gastrointestinal disorders**	1.19	1.15	1.24	5.65%
Thyroid dysfunction**	1.14	1.07	1.22	0.87%
Lifetime psychiatric comorbidities
Personality disorders**	1.23	1.17	1.29	4.05%
Substance use disorders**	1.38	1.33	1.44	7.85%
Anxiety disorders**	2.02	1.89	2.16	42.87%
Non-organic psychosis**	1.19	1.14	1.24	6.75%
Severe depression**	1.23	1.17	1.29	10.59%
Converting diagnosis to bipolar disorder**	1.68	1.61	1.75
Prescription pattern within 1 year of onset
Dosage of antidepressants (defined daily dose)* *	1.002	1.002	1.002
Dosage of benzodiazepine and its related drugs (every 10 defined daily dose)* *	1.002	1.002	1.002
Numbers of non-psychiatric outpatient visits within 1 year prior or after onset of depression*	1.001	1.000	1.001

*: p-value< 0.001;**: p-value< 0.0001
CI confidence Interval, PAF population attributable fraction, aHR adjusted hazard ratio
Note ^a Model adjusted for demographic features including geographic area, urbanization level, and income estimated via insurance

ISSN: 1471-244X