|
Component of stigma
|
Themes and sub-themes
|
Frequency of the theme in study results (≤2 = Small (S), 3–5 = Medium, > 6 = High)
|
Number of studies reporting on the theme in results
|
Included in the discussion
|
|
Knowledge
|
Symptoms/ expected behaviour of a person with a mental illness
|
H
|
8 [34, 42, 44, 45, 52, 54, 60, 62]
|
2 [45, 52]
|
|
Low I.Q.
|
M
|
|
Difficult to identify
|
M
|
|
Likely to harm others/ violent
|
M
|
|
Unpredictable behaviour
|
S
|
|
Withdrawn/ passive
|
S
|
|
Unable to manage emotions
|
S
|
|
Life satisfaction
|
S
|
|
Speak differently
|
S
|
|
Differences in sleeping, eating and memory
|
S
|
|
Multiple personalities associated with depression
|
S
|
|
Treatment and recovery
|
H
|
7 [34, 36, 37, 44, 45, 54, 57]
|
4 [34, 36, 44, 57]
|
|
Unlikely to be cured (recurrent, lifelong)
|
M
|
|
Marriage as a social intervention
|
M
|
|
Treatment by a spiritual healer
|
S
|
|
Heavy/ multiple medication/ hospitalisation needed
|
S
|
|
Causes of mental illness
|
H
|
3 [34, 44, 57]
|
5 [34, 42, 44, 57, 62]
|
|
Genetic/ hereditary/ birth defect
|
M
|
|
Evil spirits and bad deeds
|
M
|
|
Brain damage
|
S
|
|
Stress
|
S
|
|
Social environment
|
S
|
|
Infectious transmission
|
S
|
|
Physical/ sexual abuse
|
S
|
|
Non-vegetarian diet
|
S
|
|
Alcohol and its effects
|
M
|
4 [40, 49, 55, 56]
|
3 [40, 49, 55]
|
|
Associated with temporary harm
|
M
|
|
Locations to access
|
S
|
|
Prevalence of youth substance use
|
S
|
|
Treatment/ cessation services
|
S
|
|
Associated with suicide
|
S
|
|
Can happen to anyone
|
S
|
2 [54, 60]
|
–
|
|
Mental illness can happen to anyone
|
S
|
|
Suicide happens to few people
|
S
|
|
Suicide occurs more among women
|
S
|
|
Attitude
|
Cannot shoulder responsibility or take life decisions
|
H
|
6 [34, 45, 50, 52, 57, 60]
|
7 [34, 42, 45, 50, 52, 57, 60]
|
|
Should not marry or should be married
| |
|
Unlikely to be good parents
|
S
|
|
Unable/ incapable of having a job
|
S
|
|
Cannot take decisions in their own treatment
|
S
|
|
Voting
|
S
|
|
Poor interpersonal or social skills
|
–
|
|
Dangerous
|
M
|
4 [44, 45, 52, 60]
|
4 [41, 42, 45, 52]
|
|
Likely to be violent
|
M
|
|
Likely to commit crimes (need punishment to prevent future attacks)
|
S
|
|
Intolerant of suicidal ideation
|
S
|
|
Avoid people with mental illness
|
M
|
3 [42, 44, 60]
|
1 [42]
|
|
Desired physical separation (should be treated in different hospitals from people with physical illness, kept locked, in special schools)
|
M
|
|
Negative emotions
|
H
|
8 [34, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 57, 60, 61]
|
5 [34, 41, 42, 45, 52]
|
|
Shame and blame (cowardly, inferior, lacking will power, should not
|
H
|
|
disclose illness, deliberately acting so)
| |
|
Fear
|
S
|
|
Pity/ sadness
|
S
|
|
Low status of psychiatry/ psychiatrists
|
S
|
|
Attention-seeking
|
S
|
|
Substance use
|
M
|
3 [46, 49, 55]
|
2 [49, 55]
|
|
People who use are ‘bad’
|
S
|
|
Improves sexual activity
|
S
|
|
Proximity to users increases risk of substance use
|
S
|
|
Alcohol as a status symbol/ celebratory product
|
–
|
|
Use is common in social scenarios
|
–
|
|
Behaviour
|
Treatment
|
M
|
2 [44, 57]
|
2 [44, 57]
|
|
Not taking a person with an epileptic seizure to the hospital, throwing
|
S
|
|
water on them or making them smell a shoe
| |
|
Treatment should be separate from physical problems or confinement
|
S
|
|
Personal interactions
|
S
|
2 [34, 60]
|
2 [34, 42]
|
|
Not maintaining friendships
|
S
|
|
Laughing at persons with mental illness
|
S
|
|
Help-seeking for self
|
S
|
1 [41]
|
2 [52, 60]
|
|
Commit suicide if diagnosed with a mental illness
|
S
|
|
Not disclose own mental illness
|
S
|
