Table 1 Characteristics of Participants
From: Long-term neurocognitive and educational outcomes of neonatal insults in Kilifi, Kenya
|  | N = 375 | NNJ n (%) = 134 (35.7) | HIE n (%) = 107 (28.5) | Comparison group n (%) =134 (35.7) | NNJ versus Comparison group p | HIE versus Comparison group p | Overall Comparison Statistics p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
 Age (years; median [IQR]) | 9 [7–11] | 10 [8–12] | 9 [7–11] | 9 [7–11] | 0.011* | 0.352* | 0.038*** |
Sex n (%) | |||||||
 Female | 157 (41.9) | 48 (35.8) | 44 (41.1) | 65 (48.5) | 0.051** | 0.252** | 0.143** |
 Male | 215 (57.3) | 83 (61.9) | 63 (58.9) | 69 (51.5) | |||
 Years of schooling | 2.01 (1.7) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.0 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.4) | 0.008* | 0.033* | 0.052*** |
Anthropometric data Mean (SD) | |||||||
 Mid upper arm circumference (cm) | 19.14 (7.83) | 19.1 (7.8) | 19.6 (8.6) | 18.8 (7.3) | 0.690* | 0.424* | 0.723*** |
 WAZ | −0.99 (2.08) | −0.76 (2.83) | 1–0.10 (2.2) | −1.2 (1.07) | 0.240* | 0.383* | 0.448*** |
 HAZ | −1.19 (1.25) | −1.13 (1.42) | − 1.3 (1.23) | −1.16 (1.10) | 0.878* | 0.306* | 0.498*** |
Nutritional status n (%) | |||||||
 Normal | 288 (76.8) | 103 (76.9) | 81 (75.7) | 104 (77.6) | 0.880** | 0.727** | 0.941** |
 Stunted | 87 (23.2) | 31 (23.1) | 26 (24.3) | 30 (22.4) | |||
Parent religion n (%) | |||||||
 Christianity | 260 (69.3) | 97 (72.4) | 80 (74.8) | 83 (61.9) | 0.338** | 0.118** | 0.199** |
 Islam | 34 (9.1) | 15 (11.2) | 5 (4.7) | 14 (10.4) | |||
 Traditional | 72 (19.2) | 22 (16.4) | 20 (18.7) | 30 (22.4) | |||
Parent education level n (%) | |||||||
 None | 131 (34.9) | 51 (38.1) | 36 (33.6) | 44 (32.8) | 0.630** | 0.933** | 0.930** |
 Primary | 197 (52.5) | 67 (50.0) | 58 (54.2) | 72 (53.7) | |||
 Secondary | 25 (6.7) | 10 (7.5) | 7 (6.5) | 8 (6.0) | |||
 College/University | 13 (3.5) | 6 (4.5) | 4 (3.7) | 3 (2.2) | |||
Parent occupation n (%) | |||||||
 Farmer | 147 (39.2) | 45 (33.6) | 48 (44.9) | 54 (40.3) | 0.450** | 0.486** | 0.332** |
 Trader/Business | 129 (34.4) | 52 (38.8) | 29 (27.1) | 48 (35.8) | |||
 Casual laborer | 55 (14.7) | 24 (17.9) | 16 (15.0) | 15 (11.2) | |||
 Fisher man | 1 (0.3) | 6 (4.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0 | |||
 Professional | 20 (5.3) | 7 (5.2) | 8 (7.5) | 6 (4.5) | |||
 Other | 14 (3.7) | 0 | 3 (2.8) | 4 (3.0) | |||
Marital status n (%) | |||||||
 Not married | 60 (16.0) | 17 (12.7) | 18 (16.8) | 25 (18.7) | 0.179** | 0.712** | 0.396** |
 Married | 315 (84.0) | 117 (87.3) | 89 (83.2) | 109 (81.3) | |||
Family Asset | |||||||
 Mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.4) | 0.933* | 0.662* | 0.895*** |
 median [IQR]) | 1 (2–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | |||
 Preterm birth n (%) | 13 (3.5) | 8 (6) | 5 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 0.004** | 0.011** | 0.019** |
Obstetric complications n (%) | |||||||
 Abnormal pregnancy | 98 (26.9) | 37 (27.6) | 38 (35.5) | 23 (17.2) | 0.080** | 0.003** | 0.007** |
 Delivery problems | 108 (28.8) | 73 (68.2) | 28 (20.9) | 7 (5.2) | 0.000** | 0.000** | 0.001* |