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Table 2 Association between state unemployment rate and annual admissions to substance abuse treatment facilities in economic downward and upward trends

From: Unemployment rate, opioids misuse and other substance abuse: quasi-experimental evidence from treatment admissions data

Mode 4

 

Baseline model:

state unemployment rate

State unemployment

rate in periods

when it is higher

than the prior period

State unemployment

rate in periods

when it is lower

than the prior period

Opiates

\( \hat{\beta} \)

0.005

0.004

−0.001

SE(\( \hat{\beta} \))

0.008

0.008

0.010

p-value

0.54

0.61

0.90

Cocaine

\( \hat{\beta} \)

−0.004

−0.009

− 0.037

SE(\( \hat{\beta} \))

0.009

0.009

0.011

p-value

0.64

0.35

<.001

Alcohol

\( \hat{\beta} \)

0.026

0.025

0.020

SE(\( \hat{\beta} \))

0.007

0.007

0.008

p-value

<.001

<.001

0.01

Marijuana/hashish

\( \hat{\beta} \)

0.006

0.005

−0.004

SE(\( \hat{\beta} \))

0.009

0.009

0.010

p-value

0.49

0.59

0.68

Stimulants

\( \hat{\beta} \)

−0.067

−0.070

−0.092

SE(\( \hat{\beta} \))

0.010

0.010

0.012

p-value

<.001

<.001

<.001

Other drugs

\( \hat{\beta} \)

0.049

0.049

0.048

SE(\( \hat{\beta} \))

0.010

0.010

0.012

p-value

<.001

<.001

<.001

  1. p < 0.05 is presented in bold