From: Mental disorder and PTSD in Syria during wartime: a nationwide crisis
 | Avoidance | Arousal | Re-experience | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Negative(n = 910) - % | Positive (n = 1040) - % | P value | Negative (n = 693) - % | Positive (n = 1257) - % | P value | Negative (n = 800) - % | Positive (n = 1150) - % | P value | P value# | ||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||||||
 Male | 247 | 27.1% | 280 | 26.9% | NS | 208 | 30.0% | 319 | 25.4% | 0.073 NS | 239 | 29.9% | 288 | 25.0% | 0.051 NS | NS |
 Female | 663 | 72.9% | 760 | 73.1% |  | 485 | 70.0% | 938 | 74.6% |  | 561 | 70.1% | 862 | 75.0% |  |  |
Consanguinity | ||||||||||||||||
 No | 656 | 72.1% | 759 | 73.0% | NS | 496 | 71.6% | 919 | 73.1% | NS | 591 | 73.9% | 824 | 71.7% | NS | NS |
 Third-degree relatives | 134 | 14.7% | 166 | 16.0% |  | 103 | 14.9% | 197 | 15.7% |  | 111 | 13.9% | 189 | 16.4% |  |  |
 Fourth-degree relatives | 53 | 5.8% | 44 | 4.2% |  | 42 | 6.1% | 55 | 4.4% |  | 47 | 5.9% | 50 | 4.3% |  |  |
 Distant relatives | 67 | 7.4% | 71 | 6.8% |  | 52 | 7.5% | 86 | 6.8% |  | 51 | 6.4% | 87 | 7.6% |  |  |
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
 Single | 750 | 82.5% | 866 | 83.4% | NS | 574 | 82.9% | 1042 | 83.0% | NS | 661 | 82.7% | 955 | 83.2% | NS | NS |
 Engaged | 47 | 5.2% | 39 | 3.8% | 31 | 4.5% | 55 | 4.4% | 31 | 3.9% | 55 | 4.8% | ||||
 Married | 97 | 10.7% | 120 | 11.6% | 78 | 11.3% | 139 | 11.1% | 94 | 11.8% | 123 | 10.7% | ||||
 Divorced | 10 | 1.1% | 11 | 1.1% | 6 | 0.9% | 15 | 1.2% | 9 | 1.1% | 12 | 1.0% | ||||
 Widowed | 5 | 0.6% | 2 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.4% | 4 | 0.3% | 4 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.3% | ||||
Educational level | ||||||||||||||||
 Primary School | 2 | 0.2% | 23 | 2.3% | < 0.0001 | 2 | 0.3% | 25 | 1.9% | < 0.0001 | 5 | 0.6% | 22 | 1.8% | 0.004 | 0.001 |
 High School | 45 | 4.9% | 81 | 7.8% | 30 | 4.3% | 96 | 7.6% | 44 | 5.5% | 82 | 7.1% | ||||
 University or any high institute | 807 | 88.7% | 864 | 83.2% | 624 | 90.0% | 1047 | 83.4% | 700 | 87.5% | 971 | 84.5% | ||||
 Masters or PhD | 56 | 6.2% | 70 | 6.7% | 37 | 5.3% | 89 | 7.1% | 51 | 6.4% | 75 | 6.5% | ||||
SES | ||||||||||||||||
 Lower | 14 | 1.5% | 16 | 1.5% |  | 8 | 1.2% | 22 | 1.8% |  | 9 | 1.1% | 21 | 1.8% |  |  |
 Upper Lower | 199 | 21.9% | 283 | 27.2% | 0.028 NS | 136 | 19.6% | 346 | 27.5% | 0.003 | 176 | 22.0% | 306 | 26.6% | 0.055 NS | 0.005 NS |
 Middle | 490 | 53.8% | 554 | 53.3% |  | 393 | 56.7% | 651 | 51.8% |  | 435 | 54.4% | 609 | 53.0% |  |  |
 Upper | 207 | 22.7% | 187 | 18.0% |  | 156 | 22.5% | 238 | 18.9% |  | 180 | 22.5% | 214 | 18.6% |  |  |
Working | ||||||||||||||||
 No | 497 | 65.0% | 600 | 67.6% | NS | 385 | 67.2% | 712 | 66.0% | NS | 433 | 64.5% | 664 | 67.8% | NS | NS |
 Yes | 267 | 35.0% | 287 | 32.4% |  | 188 | 32.8% | 366 | 34.0% |  | 238 | 35.5% | 316 | 32.2% |  |  |
Age groups | ||||||||||||||||
 14–18 | 24 | 2.6% | 27 | 2.6% |  | 15 | 2.2% | 36 | 2.9% |  | 14 | 1.8% | 37 | 3.2% |  |  |
 19–25 | 720 | 79.1% | 818 | 78.7% | < 0.0001 | 563 | 81.2% | 975 | 77.6% | < 0.0001 | 639 | 79.9% | 899 | 78.2% | < 0.0001 | 0.066 NS |
 26–45 | 147 | 16.2% | 186 | 17.9% |  | 102 | 14.7% | 231 | 18.4% |  | 128 | 16.0% | 205 | 17.8% |  |  |
 46–65 | 19 | 2.1% | 9 | 0.9% |  | 13 | 1.9% | 15 | 1.2% |  | 19 | 2.4% | 9 | 0.8% |  |  |
Losing someone close due to war | ||||||||||||||||
 No | 351 | 38.6% | 346 | 33.3% | 0.039 NS | 270 | 39.0% | 427 | 34.0% | 0.067 NS | 339 | 42.4% | 358 | 31.1% | < 0.0001 | 0.001 |
 Yes | 559 | 61.4% | 694 | 66.7% | 423 | 61.0% | 830 | 66.0% | 461 | 57.6% | 792 | 68.9% |  |  | ||
A relative being endangered by the war | ||||||||||||||||
 No | 138 | 15.2% | 146 | 14.0% | NS | 113 | 16.3% | 171 | 13.6% | NS | 132 | 16.5% | 152 | 13.2% | NS | NS |
 Yes | 772 | 84.8% | 894 | 86.0% |  | 580 | 83.7% | 1086 | 86.4% |  | 668 | 83.5% | 998 | 86.8% |  |  |
Distressed from war noises | ||||||||||||||||
 Negative | 195 | 21.4% | 211 | 20.3% | NS | 185 | 26.7% | 211 | 17.6% | < 0.0001 | 196 | 24.5% | 210 | 18.3% | 0.001 | 0.003 |
 Positive | 715 | 78.6% | 829 | 79.7% | 508 | 73.3% | 1036 | 82.4% | 604 | 75.5% | 940 | 81.7% | ||||
Changing place of living due to war | ||||||||||||||||
 No | 495 | 54.4% | 482 | 46.3% |  | 361 | 52.1% | 616 | 49.0% |  | 413 | 51.6% | 564 | 49.0% |  |  |
 Within the same city | 195 | 21.4% | 233 | 22.4% | 0.004 | 138 | 19.9% | 290 | 23.1% | NS | 173 | 21.6% | 255 | 22.2% | NS | 0.010 NS |
 With changing city | 195 | 21.4% | 293 | 28.2% |  | 172 | 24.8% | 316 | 25.1% |  | 191 | 23.9% | 297 | 25.8% |  |  |
 Both | 25 | 2.7% | 32 | 3.1% |  | 22 | 3.2% | 35 | 2.8% |  | 23 | 2.9% | 34 | 3.0% |  |  |
Number of times changing places of living due to war | ||||||||||||||||
 Never | 495 | 37.8% | 482 | 31.5% |  | 361 | 38.0% | 616 | 32.5% |  | 413 | 36.4% | 564 | 33.1% |  |  |
 Once | 123 | 22.7% | 101 | 16.7% | < 0.0001 | 103 | 23.8% | 121 | 17.2% | 0.001 | 107 | 22.4% | 117 | 17.6% | 0.016 NS | < 0.0001 |
 Twice | 87 | 13.5% | 124 | 15.9% |  | 63 | 11.7% | 148 | 16.5% |  | 91 | 14.8% | 120 | 14.8% |  |  |
 Thrice and more | 205 | 25.9% | 333 | 35.9% |  | 166 | 26.6% | 372 | 33.8% |  | 189 | 26.5% | 349 | 34.5% |  |  |
The main reason declared of stress in the last period:a | ||||||||||||||||
 Educational | 197 | 39.5% | 191 | 31.0% |  | 155 | 43.9% | 233 | 30.6% |  | 173 | 41.2% | 215 | 30.9% |  |  |
 Economical | 58 | 11.6% | 69 | 11.2% | 0.014 NS | 39 | 11.0% | 88 | 11.5% | 0.0001 | 54 | 12.9% | 73 | 10.5% | 0.001 | 0.001 |
 Social | 212 | 42.5% | 292 | 47.4% |  | 143 | 40.5% | 361 | 47.4% |  | 164 | 39.0% | 340 | 48.9% |  |  |
 War-related | 20 | 4.0% | 30 | 4.9% |  | 8 | 2.3% | 42 | 5.5% |  | 17 | 4.0% | 33 | 4.7% |  |  |
 Medical | 8 | 1.6% | 25 | 4.1% |  | 5 | 1.4% | 28 | 3.7% |  | 11 | 2.6% | 22 | 3.2% |  |  |
 Other | 4 | 0.8% | 9 | 1.5% |  | 3 | 0.8% | 10 | 1.3% |  | 1 | 0.2% | 12 | 1.7% |  |  |
Do you consider that the crisis was the main cause of your distress lately?a | ||||||||||||||||
 No | 155 | 22.4% | 107 | 12.6% |  | 133 | 25.6% | 129 | 12.6% |  | 127 | 20.9% | 135 | 14.5% |  |  |
 Kind of | 326 | 47.2% | 336 | 39.6% | < 0.0001 | 150 | 45.5% | 426 | 41.7% | < 0.0001 | 294 | 48.4% | 368 | 39.4% | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
 Yes totally | 210 | 30.4% | 210 | 47.8% |  | 319 | 28.9% | 466 | 45.6% |  | 186 | 30.6% | 430 | 46.1% |  |  |