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Table 2 Results of the generalized estimating equation analysis of factors associated with depression

From: Associations between substandard housing and depression: insights from the Korea welfare panel study

Variables

CESD-11

Male

Female

ß

S. E

P value

ß

S. E

P value

Substandard housing

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Yes

0.63

0.11

<.0001

0.40

0.11

0.0002

Household type

 without disabled members

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 with disabled members

0.43

0.15

0.0045

0.68

0.18

0.0001

Age (years)

 < 30

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 30–39

0.26

0.15

0.0824

−0.16

0.14

0.2544

 40–49

0.35

0.15

0.0169

−0.41

0.14

0.0040

 50–59

0.44

0.16

0.0064

0.07

0.17

0.6772

 60–69

0.20

0.17

0.2331

0.18

0.19

0.3465

 ≥ 70

0.81

0.19

<.0001

1.03

0.21

<.0001

Region

 Metropolitan

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Rural

0.14

0.08

0.0942

0.24

0.09

0.0047

Education level

 Middle school or under

0.55

0.14

<.0001

0.79

0.16

<.0001

 High school

0.14

0.10

0.1722

0.19

0.11

0.0831

 College or above

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Marriage status

 Living w/ spouse

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Living w/o spouse

−0.23

0.17

0.1611

−0.61

0.23

0.0071

Income level

 Low

0.84

0.15

<.0001

0.88

0.14

<.0001

 Lower middle

0.24

0.11

0.0203

0.32

0.11

0.0024

 Upper middle

0.08

0.09

0.3867

0.15

0.10

0.1247

 High

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Employment type

 Permanent employee

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Temporary employee

0.14

0.12

0.2288

−0.19

0.12

0.1080

 Daily hired employee

0.46

0.15

0.0024

−0.31

0.13

0.0146

 Nonemployee

0.47

0.11

<.0001

−0.08

0.10

0.4283

Housing benefit

 Yes

0.85

0.23

0.0002

0.64

0.19

0.0009

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Housing Tenure

 Owner-occupation

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Rental

0.36

0.09

<.0001

0.35

0.09

<.0001

Housing Type

 Detached dwelling

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Multi-family house

−0.06

0.10

0.5786

0.15

0.11

0.1484

 Commercial building

−0.17

0.19

0.3668

−0.03

0.20

0.8800

Smoking status

 Current smoker

0.37

0.08

<.0001

1.23

0.30

<.0001

 Non-smoker

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Alcohol consumption

 Yes

0.11

0.08

0.1854

0.24

0.08

0.0026

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Percieved health status

 Healthy

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Unhealthy

1.19

0.13

<.0001

1.05

0.11

<.0001

Chronic diseases

 Yes

0.53

0.08

<.0001

0.46

0.09

<.0001

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.