From: Associations between substandard housing and depression: insights from the Korea welfare panel study
Variables | CESD-11 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||||
ß | S. E | P value | ß | S. E | P value | |
Substandard housing | ||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.63 | 0.11 | <.0001 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.0002 |
Household type | ||||||
without disabled members | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
with disabled members | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.0045 | 0.68 | 0.18 | 0.0001 |
Age (years) | ||||||
< 30 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
30–39 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.0824 | −0.16 | 0.14 | 0.2544 |
40–49 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.0169 | −0.41 | 0.14 | 0.0040 |
50–59 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.0064 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.6772 |
60–69 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.2331 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.3465 |
≥ 70 | 0.81 | 0.19 | <.0001 | 1.03 | 0.21 | <.0001 |
Region | ||||||
Metropolitan | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Rural | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.0942 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.0047 |
Education level | ||||||
Middle school or under | 0.55 | 0.14 | <.0001 | 0.79 | 0.16 | <.0001 |
High school | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.1722 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.0831 |
College or above | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Marriage status | ||||||
Living w/ spouse | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Living w/o spouse | −0.23 | 0.17 | 0.1611 | −0.61 | 0.23 | 0.0071 |
Income level | ||||||
Low | 0.84 | 0.15 | <.0001 | 0.88 | 0.14 | <.0001 |
Lower middle | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.0203 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.0024 |
Upper middle | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.3867 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.1247 |
High | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Employment type | ||||||
Permanent employee | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Temporary employee | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.2288 | −0.19 | 0.12 | 0.1080 |
Daily hired employee | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.0024 | −0.31 | 0.13 | 0.0146 |
Nonemployee | 0.47 | 0.11 | <.0001 | −0.08 | 0.10 | 0.4283 |
Housing benefit | ||||||
Yes | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.0002 | 0.64 | 0.19 | 0.0009 |
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Housing Tenure | ||||||
Owner-occupation | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Rental | 0.36 | 0.09 | <.0001 | 0.35 | 0.09 | <.0001 |
Housing Type | ||||||
Detached dwelling | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Multi-family house | −0.06 | 0.10 | 0.5786 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.1484 |
Commercial building | −0.17 | 0.19 | 0.3668 | −0.03 | 0.20 | 0.8800 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current smoker | 0.37 | 0.08 | <.0001 | 1.23 | 0.30 | <.0001 |
Non-smoker | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Yes | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.1854 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.0026 |
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Percieved health status | ||||||
Healthy | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Unhealthy | 1.19 | 0.13 | <.0001 | 1.05 | 0.11 | <.0001 |
Chronic diseases | ||||||
Yes | 0.53 | 0.08 | <.0001 | 0.46 | 0.09 | <.0001 |
No | Ref. | Ref. |