Table 2 Psychological and Sleep Characteristics of Study Subjects Prior to and During the COVID-19 Outbreak

IES-R

12.03 ± 12.70

21.05 ± 15.93

IES-R ≥ 24 (%)

15.9

38.1

< 0.001

GAD-7

1.75 ± 2.96

2.93 ± 3.90

1.18 ± 2.87

5.51 ± 5.17

6.79 ± 5.96

1.28 ± 4.89

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

GAD-7 > 4 (%)

14.3

25.5

11.2

49.6

54.9

5.3

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

PHQ-9

2.36 ± 3.53

3.43 ± 4.38

1.08 ± 3.06

7.25 ± 6.32

8.38 ± 6.70

1.12 ± 4.56

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

PHQ-9 > 4 (%)

21.1

29.9

8.8

61.5

63.9

2.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ISI

5.02 ± 4.44

5.90 ± 5.16

0.89 ± 3.30

9.55 ± 6.44

11.00 ± 6.95

1.45 ± 4.76

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ISI > 7 (%)

24.8

31.5

6.7

57.8

66.0

8.2

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Bed time

23:31 ± 01:02

23:59 ± 01:21

00:28 ± 01:03

23:39 ± 01:28

0:01 ± 01:37

00:22 ± 01:18

0.80

< 0.001

< 0.001

Get up time

07:29 ± 01:11

08:51 ± 01:45

01:22 ± 01:30

07:51 ± 01:46

08:57 ± 02:14

01:07 ± 01:45

0.01

< 0.001

< 0.001

TIB (h)

7.97 ± 1.20

8.86 ± 1.56

0.89 ± 1.50

8.19 ± 1.46

8.94 ± 1.90

0.74 ± 1.77

0.006

< 0.001

< 0.001

TST (h)

7.20 ± 1.08

7.91 ± 1.59

0.71 ± 1.45

6.93 ± 1.44

7.43 ± 2.07

0.50 ± 1.72

0.002

< 0.001

< 0.001

Sleep efficiency (%)

90.13 ± 10.44

88.73 ± 13.00

−1.39 ± 11.46

84.31 ± 14.44

82.26 ± 16.59

−2.05 ± 13.17

< 0.001

0.005

0.006