Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis among adult males in Ethiopia, 2016
Variable | Khat chewing | COR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Individual-level factors | |||||
Age | |||||
15–19 | 331 | 2241 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–24 | 394 | 1486 | 3.0 (2.35, 3.83) | 2.66 (2.00, 3.52) | 2.68 (2.02, 3.56)* |
25–29 | 577 | 1398 | 6.11 (4.84, 7.72) | 6.27 (4.58, 8.59) | 6.24 (4.55, 8.56)* |
30–34 | 500 | 1114 | 6.72 (5.26, 8.57) | 6.74 (4.75, 9.56) | 6.59 (4.64, 9.36)* |
35–39 | 375 | 996 | 5.77 (4.43, 7.51) | 5.19 (3.56, 7.57) | 4.92 (3.37, 7.18)* |
40–44 | 317 | 871 | 5.94 (4.57, 7.73) | 5.05 (3.45, 7.42) | 4.99 (3.40, 7.34)* |
45–49 | 222 | 711 | 4.01 (2.98, 5.39) | 2.91 (1.92, 4.39) | 2.89 (1.91, 4.37)* |
50–54 | 141 | 434 | 4.60 (3.25, 6.49) | 3.91 (2.45, 6.24) | 3.81 (2.38, 6.10)* |
55–59 | 116 | 371 | 4.49 (3.15, 6.40) | 4.74 (2.94, 7.65) | 4.66 (2.89, 7.57)* |
Educational level | |||||
No education | 1078 | 2695 | 2.09 (1.59, 2.75) | 1.43 (0.97, 2.11) | 1.62 (1.10, 2.39)* |
Primary education | 1419 | 4457 | 1.39 (1.09, 1.79) | 1.72 (1.21, 2.43) | 1.85 (1.30, 2.62)* |
Secondary education | 302 | 1544 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.24) | 1.28 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.87) |
Higher education | 176 | 923 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Occupation | |||||
Not working | 86 | 858 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Professional/technical/managerial | 114 | 517 | 5.54 (3.74, 8.19) | 3.44 (2.10, 5.65) | 3.59 (2.18, 5.91)* |
Clerical | 17 | 80 | 7.09 (3.54, 14.19) | 8.21 (3.59, 18.77) | 8.49(3.68, 19.55)* |
Sales | 152 | 525 | 5.20 (3.55, 7.60) | 2.47 (1.58, 3.86) | 2.53 (1.61, 3.97)* |
Agriculture – employee | 2168 | 6168 | 4.66 (3.43, 6.34) | 2.50 (1.74, 3.59) | 2.57 (1.78, 3.72)* |
Services | 48 | 162 | 6.17 (3.68, 10.33) | 3.23 (1.74, 5.98) | 3.16 (1.70, 5.89)* |
Skilled manual | 205 | 619 | 9.92 (6.88, 14.32) | 5.48 (3.57, 8.40) | 5.68 (3.68, 8.76)* |
Unskilled manual | 52 | 227 | 5.27 (3.14, 8.83) | 3.75(2.02, 6.98) | 4.01 (2.14, 7.54)* |
Others | 132 | 466 | 5.11 (3.40, 7.68) | 3.69 (2.31, 5.89) | 3.70 (2.30, 5.96)* |
Religion | |||||
Orthodox | 325 | 5352 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Catholic | 11 | 79 | 0.15 (0.06, 0.38) | 0.19 (0.06, 0.60) | 0.16 (0.05, 0.48)* |
Protestant | 98 | 2648 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.19) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.40) | 0.2 (0.13, 0.31)* |
Muslin | 2505 | 1411 | 8.78 (7.04, 10.94) | 21.59 (16.00, 9.19) | 18.30 (13.54, 4.74)* |
Traditional+other | 37 | 129 | 0.50 (0.06, 0.09) | 0.60 (0.20, 1.85) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.31) |
Sex of household head | |||||
Male | 2658 | 8376 | 1.56 (1.30, 1.88) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) |
Female | 317 | 1244 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Wealth Index | |||||
Poorest | 621 | 1358 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poorer | 660 | 1634 | 0.64 (0.50, 0.81) | 0.71(0.54, 0.93) | 0.67(0.51, 0.89)* |
Middle | 616 | 1811 | 0.69(0.54, 0.88) | 0.84(0.63, 1.12) | 0.80(0.60, 1.08) |
Richer | 495 | 2217 | 0.56(0.43, 0.72) | 0.81(0.60, 1.10) | 0.76(0.56, 1.03) |
Richest | 582 | 2600 | 0.74(0.55, 1.00) | 1.18(0.83, 1.68) | 0.94(0.63, 1.39) |
Current marital status | |||||
Never in union | 854 | 4036 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married | 1814 | 5154 | 2.40 (2.09, 2.75) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.04) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.06) |
Living with partner | 245 | 176 | 2.98 (1.89, 4.70) | 1.44 (0.83, 2.50) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.19) |
Widowed | 12 | 32 | 4.69 (1.75, 12.58) | 1.20 (0.36, 4.020 | 1.17 (0.34, 3.94) |
Divorced | 36 | 189 | 1.29 (0.76, 2.19) | 0.35 (0.19, 0.65) | 0.38 (0.21, 0.69)* |
No longer living together/separated | 13 | 33 | 3.17 (1.27, 7.88) | 1.86 (0.64, 5.37) | 1.88 (0.62, 5.65) |
Alcohol drinking in the last 30 days | |||||
Yes | 478 | 4949 | 1.12(0.95, 1.33) | 1.91(1.50, 2.43) | 2.15(1.69, 2.73)* |
No | 2496 | 4671 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Smoking cigarette in the last 30 days | |||||
Yes | 526 | 129 | 21.62 (16.01, 29.18) | 16.87 (12.30, 23.14) | 10.79 (8.61,13.51)* |
No | 2449 | 9491 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Community-level factors | |||||
Residence | |||||
Urban | 482 | 2014 | 2.13(1.31, 3.45) | 1.01(0.58, 1.75) | 1.17(0.66, 2.07) |
Rural | 2493 | 7606 | 1.00 | ||
Region | |||||
Oromia | 1875 | 2839 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Tigray | 19 | 776 | 0.01 (0.01,0.03) | 0.01 (0.01,0.03) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.07)* |
Afar | 28 | 54 | 0.93 (0.35, 2.45) | 0.93 (0.35, 2.45) | 0.28 (0.11, 0.68)* |
Amhara | 304 | 2902 | 0.04 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.14)* |
Somali | 142 | 184 | 1.60 (0.76, 3.39) | 1.60 (0.76, 3.39) | 0.36 (0.18, 0.70)* |
Benishangul | 22 | 102 | 0.26 (0.10, 0.68) | 0.26 (0.10, 0.68) | 0.14 (0.06, 0.35)* |
SNNPR | 392 | 2194 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.21) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.21) | 0.53 (0.29, 0.99)* |
Gambella | 8 | 29 | 0.30 (0.08, 1.10) | 0.30 (0.08, 1.11) | 0.78 (0.21, 2.94) |
Harari | 23 | 8 | 11.04 (3.11,39.16) | 10.99 (3.02, 40.00) | 6.97 (1.91, 25.43)* |
Addis Ababa | 118 | 503 | 0.41 (0.19, 0.87) | 0.41(0.17, 0.99) | 0.30 (0.14, 0.66)* |
Dire Dawa | 45 | 27 | 4.65 (1.74, 12.37) | 4.62 (1.64, 13.02) | 2.77 (1.05, 7.30)* |