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Table 1 Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) compared to Matched Controls

From: Chronic pain diagnoses and opioid dispensings among insured individuals with serious mental illness

Characteristic

Patients with MDD

(N = 65,750)

n(%)/Mean ± SD

Matched Controls

(N = 65,738)

n(%)/Mean ± SD

Test Statistic

p-value

Total

65,750

65,738

  

Age

43.5+  13.8

43.5+  13.8

t = −0.14

0.89

Sex

 Male

18,733 (28.5%)

18,731 (28.5%)

χ2 = 0

0.99

 Female

47,013 (71.5%)

47,005 (71.5%)

Medicare

6329 (9.6%)

6322 (9.6%)

χ2 = 0

0.96

Race

 White/Caucasian

43,647 (66.3%)

31,328 (47.7%)

χ2 = 5891.77

< 0.0001

 Black/African-American

5894 (9.0%)

5940 (9.0%)

 Asian

3850 (5.9%)

8846 (13.5%)

 Pacific Islander

540 (0.8%)

791 (1.2%)

 Native American

672 (1.0%)

462 (0.7%)

 Other

180 (0.3%)

165 (0.3%)

 Unknown

10,944 (16.6%)

18,199 (27.7%)

Ethnicity (Hispanic)

14,134 (21.5%)

15,274 (23.2%)

χ2 = 57.19

< 0.0001

Neighborhood Income

  < $40,000 per year

7771(11.8%)

7648 (11.6%)

χ2 = 0.12

0.73

  > $40,000 per year

56,796 (86.4%)

55,566 (84.5%)

Charlson Comorbidity Index

0.56+  1.19

0.25+  0.74

t = 56.17

< 0.0001

Total healthcare utilization in last 6 mos

8.3+  10.7

2.3+  4.3

t = 132.57

< 0.0001

Pain conditions

 Any Pain

41,036 (62.4%)

26,158 (39.8%)

χ2 = 6731.57

< 0.0001

 Back pain

13,419 (20.4%)

5944 (9.0%)

χ2 = 3382.42

< 0.0001

 Neck pain

6877 (10.5%)

3031 (4.6%)

χ2 = 1613.80

< 0.0001

 Limb/extremity pain, arthritis

21,239 (32.3%)

12,449 (18.9%)

χ2 = 3081.38

< 0.0001

 Fibromyalgia/widespread muscle

4262 (6.5%)

976 (1.5%)

χ2 = 2146.34

< 0.0001

 Headache

8359 (12.7%)

6261 (4.8%)

χ2 = 2580.33

< 0.0001

 Orofacial/ear/temporomandibular

728 (1.1%)

409 (0.6%)

χ2 = 90.22

< 0.0001

 Abdominal/bowel pain

9922 (15.1%)

4679 (7.1%)

χ2 = 2116.78

< 0.0001

 Chest pain

4995 (7.6%)

2417 (3.7%)

χ2 = 949.73

< 0.0001

 Urogenital/pelvic/menstrual pain

3222 (4.9%)

1638 (2.5%)

χ2 = 535.78

< 0.0001

 Fractures/contusions/sprains/strains

8542 (13.0%)

4405 (6.7%)

χ2 = 1465.45

< 0.0001

 Other painful conditionsa

7994 (12.2%)

3253 (5.0%)

χ2 = 2184.48

< 0.0001

Chronic opioid useb

6618 (10.1%)

1553 (2.4%)

χ2 = 3346.72

< 0.0001

  1. aIncludes sickle cell disease, complex regional pain syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, acquired deformities (excluding spinal disorders), spinal
  2. cord injury, lyme disease, neuropathic pain
  3. bChronic use defined by 70+ days supply in a 90-day period, receiving 6+ dispenses in a year