Table 2 Patients with Bipolar Disorder compared to Matched Controls
From: Chronic pain diagnoses and opioid dispensings among insured individuals with serious mental illness
Characteristic | Patients with Bipolar Disorder (N = 38,117) n(%)/Mean ± SD | Matched Controls (N = 38,115) n(%)/Mean ± SD | Test Statistic | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 42.7+  13.2 | 42.7+  13.3 | t = −0.20 | 0.84 |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 12,530(32.9%) | 12,530(32.9%) | χ2 = 0 | 0.99 |
 Female | 25,585 (67.1%) | 25,583 (67.1%) | ||
Medicare | 6386 (16.8%) | 6383 (16.8%) | χ2 = 0 | 0.98 |
Race | ||||
 White/Caucasian | 27,348(71.8%) | 18,408 (48.3%) | χ2 = 5450.33 | < 0.0001 |
 Black/African-American | 3410 (9.0%) | 3594 (9.4%) | ||
 Asian | 1782 (4.7%) | 4993 (13.1%) | ||
 Pacific Islander | 281 (0.7%) | 453 (1.2%) | ||
 Native American | 499 (1.3%) | 281 (0.7%) | ||
 Other | 94 (0.3%) | 117 (0.3%) | ||
 Unknown | 4694 (12.3%) | 10,262 (27.0%) | ||
Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 5473 (14.4%) | 8307 (21.8%) | χ2 = 711.63 | < 0.0001 |
Neighborhood Income | ||||
  < $40,000 per year | 4985 (13.1%) | 4835(12.7%) | χ2 = 0.41 | 0.52 |
  > $40,000 per year | 32,544 (85.4%) | 32,006 (84.0%) | ||
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.55+  1.10 | 0.28+  0.81 | t = 39.21 | < 0.0001 |
Total healthcare utilization in last 6 mo | 8.6+  11.3 | 2.4+  4.8 | t = 99.04 | < 0.0001 |
Pain conditions | ||||
 Any Pain | 23,423(61.5%) | 15,342 (40.3%) | χ2 = 3426.65 | < 0.0001 |
 Back pain | 7756 (20.4%) | 3650 (9.6%) | χ2 = 1737.92 | < 0.0001 |
 Neck pain | 3713 (9.7%) | 1805 (4.7%) | χ2 = 711.12 | < 0.0001 |
 Limb/extremity pain, arthritis | 12,052(31.6%) | 7401 (19.4%) | χ2 = 1492.66 | < 0.0001 |
 Fibromyalgia/widespread muscle | 2384 (6.3%) | 663 (1.7%) | χ2 = 1012.43 | < 0.0001 |
 Headache | 5000 (13.1%) | 1845 (4.8%) | χ2 = 1597.48 | < 0.0001 |
 Orofacial/ear/temporomandibular | 477 (1.3%) | 237 (0.6%) | χ2 = 81.42 | < 0.0001 |
 Abdominal/bowel pain | 5777 (15.2%) | 2821 (7.4%) | χ2 = 1145.30 | < 0.0001 |
 Chest pain | 3009 (7.9%) | 1348 (3.5%) | χ2 = 671.51 | < 0.0001 |
 Urogenital/pelvic/menstrual pain | 1925 (5.1%) | 959 (2.5%) | χ2 = 336.23 | < 0.0001 |
 Fractures/contusions/sprains/strains | 5567 (14.6%) | 2743(7.2%) | χ2 = 1076.93 | < 0.0001 |
 Other painful conditionsa | 4137 (10.9%) | 2034 (5.3%) | χ2 = 779.68 | < 0.0001 |
Chronic opioid useb | 3961 (10.4%) | 1156 (3.0%) | χ2 = 1648.10 | < 0.0001 |