Table 3 Patients with Schizophrenia compared to Matched Controls

Age

42.3+  13.8

42.3+  13.9

t = 0.34

0.73

 Male

7250 (56.1%)

14,459 (56.1%)

χ² = 0.02

0.90

 Female

5666 (43.9%)

11,332 (43.9%)

Medicare

5144 (39.8%)

10,247 (39.7%)

χ² = 0.03

0.86

 White/Caucasian

6889 (53.3%)

12,770 (49.5%)

χ² = 1021.25

< 0.0001

 Black/African-American

2476 (19.2%)

2724 (10.6%)

 Asian

1317 (10.2%)

3008 (11.7%)

 Pacific Islander

153 (1.2%)

343 (1.3%)

 Native American

138 (1.1%)

204 (0.8%)

 Other

28 (0.2%)

44 (0.2%)

 Unknown

1907 (14.8%)

6696 (26.0%)

Ethnicity (Hispanic)

2511 (19.4%)

6045 (23.4%)

χ² = 79.87

< 0.0001

  < $40,000 per year

2404 (18.6%)

3444 (13.4%)

χ² = 170.42

< 0.0001

  > $40,000 per year

10,345(80.1%)

21,650 (83.9%)

Charlson Comorbidity Index

0.63+  1.18

0.43+  1.07

t = −16.58

< 0.0001

Total healthcare utilization in last 6 mo

7.9+  10.9

2.6+  5.6

t = −63.60

< 0.0001

 Any Pain

6092 (47.2%)

10,835(42.0%)

χ² = 92.96

< 0.0001

 Back pain

1855 (14.4%)

2687 (10.4%)

χ² = 129.23

< 0.0001

 Neck pain

754 (5.8%)

1228 (4.8%)

χ² = 20.52

< 0.0001

 Limb/extremity pain, arthritis

2942 (22.8%)

5312 (20.6%)

χ² = 24.41

< 0.0001

 Fibromyalgia/widespread muscle

386 (3.0%)

463 (1.8%)

χ² = 57.13

< 0.0001

 Headache

973 (7.5%)

1264 (4.9%)

χ² = 109.52

< 0.0001

 Orofacial/ear/temporomandibular

112 (0.9%)

150 (0.6%)

χ² = 10.44

0.0012

 Abdominal/bowel pain

1497 (11.6%)

1907 (7.4%)

χ² = 188.93

< 0.0001

 Chest pain

975 (7.6%)

1137 (4.4%)

χ² = 164.51

< 0.0001

 Urogenital/pelvic/menstrual pain

280 (2.2%)

442 (1.7%)

χ² = 9.69

0.0018

 Fractures/contusions/sprains/strains

1392 (10.8%)

1968 (7.6%)

χ² = 107.50

< 0.0001

 Other painful conditions^a

1117 (8.7%)

1884 (7.3%)

χ² = 21.71

< 0.0001

Chronic opioid use^b

845 (6.5%)

1299 (5.0%)

χ² = 37.29

< 0.0001