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Table 1 Descriptive analyses

From: Prevalence and risk factors for seclusion and restraint in old-age psychiatry inpatient units

 

No Coercion

Coercion

Test

p-value

Patient-related Variables

N = 494 (%)

413 (83.6)

81 (16.4)

  

 Gender = male (%)

158 (38.3)

49 (60.5)

12.86a

< 0.001

Age (year) (median [IQR])

77.00 [70.00, 84.00]

79.00 [73.00, 84.00]

3.44b

0.064

Civil status (%)

  

12.53a

0.006

 Single

77 (18.6)

8 (9.9)

  

 Married living as a couple

141 (34.1)

43 (53.1)

  

 Separated/divorced

103 (24.9)

12 (14.8)

  

 Widowed

92 (22.3)

18 (22.2)

  

Nationality = Swiss (%)

313 (75.8)

53 (65.4)

3.26a

0.071

No. of hospital stays in 2017 (%)

  

Fisherc

0.30

 1

345 (83.5)

63 (77.8)

  

 2

51 (12.3)

15 (18.5)

  

 3+

17 (4.1)

3 (3.7)

  

Total no. of psychiatric hospitalizations (median [IQR])

0.00 [0.00, 1.00]

0.00 [0.00, 1.00]

0.0085b

0.93

Previous psychiatric hospitalization = yes (%)

165 (40.0)

31 (38.3)

0.025a

0.87

Total hospitalization duration in 2017 (days) (median [IQR])

35.82 [17.70, 66.47]

58.10 [25.91, 111.01]

14.27b

< 0.001

Hospital stay-related Variables

N = 606 (%)

504 (83.2)

102 (16.8) (79 seclusion (77.4) 17 restraint (16.7) 6 else (5.9))

  

Hospitalization decision (%)

  

Fisherc

0.20

 Outpatient center or private physician

203 (40.3)

31 (30.4)

  

 Hospital physician

113 (22.4)

23 (22.5)

  

 Emergencies

183 (36.3)

47 (46.1)

  

 Other

5 (1.0)

1 (1.0)

  

Main diagnosis (%)

  

Fisherc

< 0.001

 Organic/neurologic disorders

139 (31.2)

30 (41.7)

  

 Substance use

10 (2.2)

2 (2.8)

  

 Psychotic disorders

55 (12.3)

8 (11.1)

  

 Bipolar disorders

43 (9.6)

17 (23.6)

  

 Depressive disorders

127 (28.5)

6 (8.3)

  

 Anxious and behavioral disorders

51 (11.4)

4 (5.6)

  

 Personality disorders

16 (3.6)

2 (2.8)

  

 Other

5 (1.1)

3 (4.2)

  

Involuntary admission = yes (%)

260 (51.6)

76 (74.5)

17.13a

< 0.001

Admission HoNOS (median [IQR])

17.00 [11.00, 22.00]

21.50 [15.25, 27.00]

24.45b

< 0.001

Discharge HoNOS (median [IQR])

9.00 [5.00, 14.00]

12.00 [6.00, 19.75]

10.01b

0.002

Admission HoNOS item 1 (median [IQR]) (overactive, aggressive, disruptive or agitated behavior)

1.00 [0.00, 3.00]

3.00 [2.00, 4.00]

53.09b

< 0.001

Discharge HoNOS item 1(median [IQR])

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

1.00 [0.00, 2.00]

35.10b

< 0.001

Stay duration (days) (median [IQR])

29.92 [15.74, 54.59]

52.22 [24.63, 94.17]

23.37b

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile Range, No. Number, HoNOS Health of the Nation Outcome Scales
  2. aPearson’s Chi-squared test; bKruskal-Wallis rank-sum test; cFisher’s exact test