Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies and their population
Article | Country | Follow-up | Sample size | Demographics (mean age, gender, ethnicity) | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nilsson et al., 2019 [35] | Sweden | 12 months | 136 | 35.6 years 81.6% males | Scoring ≥5 in PGSI, live in Sweden, understand and write Swedish and be aged at least 18 years. | Severe psychiatric disorders. |
Penna et al., 2018 [28] | Brazil | 8 weeks | 59 | 54.03 years 57.6% males 78% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-5 criteria, ability to understand the purpose of the study, physically able to engage in physical activity, for female patients a negative pregnancy test. | Severe psychiatric disorder or other medical condition requiring inpatient treatment. |
Casey et al., 2017 [25] | Australia | 12 months | 174 | 44.37 years 40.98% males 79.62% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-5 criteria, over 18 years of age, reside in Australia | Receiving additional treatments, involved in legal proceedings, not proficient with English, at a high risk of suicide; were acutely psychotic, or if their gambling behaviour only occurred during manic episodes. |
Bouchard et al., 2017 [20] | Canada | 2 weeks | 25 | 47 years 50% males | Diagnostic according DSM-5 criteria and be treated at Centre CASA or Maison Jean-Lapointe in Canada | ━ |
Smith et al., 2015 [47] | Australia | 9 months | 99 | 46.49 years 49.43% males | Scoring ≥8 in SOGS, 18 years of age or older, gambling with electronic gaming machines, gambled in the past month | Being suicidal, exhibiting acute psychosis or mania or experiencing significant mental distress, psychological treatment for problem gambling in the previous 12 months |
Lee et al., 2014 [18] | Canada | 2 months | 16 | 49.1 years 66% males 73% caucasians | One or both spouses diagnosed according DSM-IV criteria, gambled in the past 2 months, be at least 18 years of age and committed couple relationship | Suicidal ideation, attempt at suicide or psychotic symptoms for the past month, recurring intimate partner violence or receiving additional treatments |
Grant et al., 2011 [38] | United States | 6 months | 68 | 49.01 years 66% males 94.12% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-IV criteria and gambled at least 1 time per week for the past 2 months | Past 3-month substance use disorder, positive urine drug screen, current pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy for GD, previous GA attendance, any clinically significant suicidal ideation or current use of psychotropic medications |
Myrseth et al., 2011 [31] | Norway | 6 months | 30 | 32.8 years 86.67% males | Diagnostic according DSM-IV, minimum age of 18 years, not having used SSRIs for the last 6 months | Suffering from epilepsy or liver/kidney disorders, evidence of psychosis or mental disorders, alcohol or drug dependency |
Marceaux et al., 2010 [48] | United States | 6 months | 49 | 46.57 years 34.69% males 85.71% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-IV and at least 21 years of age | ━ |
Grant et al., 2009 [39] | United States | 8 weeks | 68 | 48.7 years 36.8% males | Diagnostic according DSM-IV and had gambled at least once per week for the past 2 months | Past 3-month substance use disorder, positive urine drug screen at screening, current psychotherapy or medication for GD, previous GA attendance or suicidal intentions |
Myrseth et al., 2009 [29] | Canada | 3 months | 14 | 37.43 years 78.57% males | Diagnostic according DSM-IV, ≥5 in SOGS and over 18 years of age | Suffer from any type of substance abuse or from any psychotic disorder |
Carlbring et al., 2009 [36] | Sweden | 12 months | 150 | 40.5 years 83.5% males | Scoring ≥5 on NODS, speak Swedish and ability to complete self-report questionnaires | Suicidal ideation, unwillingness to be randomized, medication for anxiety and/or depression, drug and/or alcohol dependence, or major mental disorders |
Cunningham et al., 2009 [21] | Canada | 3 months | 49 | 44.41 years 48.11% males | Diagnostic according DSM-IV criteria and interested in participating in the study | ━ |
Carlbring et al., 2008 [37] | Sweden | 36 months | 66 | 31.9 years 94% males | Scoring ≥5 on NODS, at least 18 years of age, live in Sweden and have gambled at least once in the past 30 days | Having > 21 on MADRS depression scale, > 4 on the suicide item or playing computer games without betting money |
Dowling et al., 2007 [16] | Australia | 6 months | 56 | 43.58 years 100% females | Diagnostic according DSM-IV criteria | ━ |
Petry et al., 2006 [41] | United States | 12 months | 231 | 44.87 years 54.98% males 84.42% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-IV criteria, gambled in the past 2 months, were 18 years or older, and ability to read | Current suicidal intentions, past-month psychotic symptoms, or already receiving gambling treatment |
Melville et al., 2004 [14] | United States | 6 months | 19 | 52.58 years 15.79% males 89% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-IV criteria and SOGS | ━ |
Ladouceur et al., 2003 [49] | Canada | 24 months | 71 | 43.41 years 77.97% males | Diagnostic according DSM-IV and willingness to undergo randomization | Evidence of current or past schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or organic mental disorder |
Ladouceur et al., 2001 [50] | Canada | 12 months | 101 | 41.98 years 82.81% males | Diagnostic according DSM-IV and be willing to undergo randomization | Evidence of immediate suicidal intent or current or past schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or organic mental disorder |
Sylvain et al., 1997 [51] | Canada | 12 months | 29 | 40.19 years 100% males 100% caucasians | Diagnostic according DSM-III criteria, seeking help for gambling problems and rate motivation to change ≥7 (0–10) | ━ |
Echeburua et al., 1996 [6] | Spain | 12 months | 64 | 35 years 44.44% males | Diagnostic according DSM-III criteria, ≥8 in SOGS and gamble primarily with slot machines | Suffering from other psychopathological disorders |
McConaghy et al., 1991 [52] | Australia | 2–9 years | 120 | 42.53 years 90.83% males | Diagnostic according DSM-III criteria | Untreated active psychosis |