Table 3 Sex-and-aged adjusted prevalence ratios for risk factors of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) by previous mental health diagnosis, n = 57,446

 Metropolitan Lima

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Resto Coast

1 (0.90,1.12)

0.90** (0.83,0.97)

0.97 (0.74,1.27)

 Andes

0.96 (0.88,1.06)

1.04 (0.97,1.12)

0.81 (0.64,1.03)

 Jungle

0.89 (0.73,1.07)

0.89 (0.79,1.01)

0.77 (0.52,1.14)

 Less than high school

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Completed high school

1.02 (0.91,1.14)

0.93 (0.86,1.00)

0.96 (0.70,1.31)

 Undergraduate or higher

0.86* (0.76,0.98)

0.76*** (0.69,0.83)

0.77 (0.51,1.16)

 Single

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Married

0.78*** (0.68,0.90)

0.87** (0.79,0.96)

1.03 (0.68,1.57)

 Living together

0.90* (0.81,0.99)

0.85*** (0.79,0.92)

0.7 (0.48,1.02)

 Other

0.91 (0.77,1.07)

1.20** (1.05,1.37)

1.25 (0.78,2.02)

Household size (≥4)

1.06 (0.98,1.15)

1.03 (0.97,1.09)

1.05 (0.85,1.30)

 Up to 930 PEN

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 931–1860 PEN

0.91 (0.82,1.02)

0.95 (0.87,1.03)

1.09 (0.78,1.54)

 1861–2790 PEN

0.89 (0.76,1.03)

0.9 (0.80,1.01)

1.05 (0.70,1.56)

 2791–4650 PEN

0.76** (0.62,0.93)

0.81** (0.71,0.93)

1.08 (0.70,1.69)

 More than 4651 PEN

0.70*** (0.58,0.85)

0.68*** (0.58,0.79)

1.21 (0.84,1.74)

 Prefer not to respond

0.97 (0.88,1.07)

0.94 (0.88,1.01)

1.09 (0.83,1.44)

COVID-19 infection

0.89 (0.58,1.36)

1.67*** (1.31,2.13)

0.88 (0.40,1.95)

Comorbidities

1.14** (1.05,1.24)

1.43*** (1.34,1.53)

1.09 (0.85,1.40)

 Formal employment

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Informal employment

1.37*** (1.19,1.58)

1.25*** (1.12,1.38)

0.81 (0.47,1.40)

 Unemployed before lockdown

1.34*** (1.18,1.52)

1.40*** (1.271,1.53)

1.29 (0.88,1.87)

 Recently unemployed

1.35*** (1.20,1.51)

1.42*** (1.31,1.53)

1.47* (1.04,2.07)