Table 4 Sex-and-aged adjusted prevalence ratios for risk factors of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 14) by previous mental health diagnosis, n = 57,446

 Metropolitan Lima

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Resto Coast

1.19* (1.03,1.37)

0.91 (0.81,1.02)

1.2 (0.82,1.76)

 Andes

1.07 (0.95,1.21)

1.09 (0.99,1.21)

0.88 (0.63,1.23)

 Jungle

0.94 (0.73,1.21)

0.91 (0.77,1.07)

0.94 (0.57,1.55)

 Less than high school

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Completed high school

1.02 (0.91,1.14)

0.80*** (0.72,0.88)

1.14 (0.70,1.87)

 Undergraduate or higher

0.86* (0.76,0.98)

0.62*** (0.54,0.70)

0.92 (0.50,1.69)

 Single

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Married

0.78*** (0.68,0.90)

0.85* (0.74,0.97)

1.18 (0.68,2.02)

 Living together

0.90* (0.81,0.99)

0.79*** (0.71,0.87)

0.71 (0.44,1.15)

 Other

0.91 (0.77,1.07)

1.16 (0.96,1.42)

1.18 (0.61,2.29)

Household size (≥4)

1.03 (0.92,1.15)

0.99 (0.91,1.08)

1.24 (0.92,1.68)

 Up to 930 PEN

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 931–1860 PEN

0.91 (0.82,1.02)

0.89 (0.80,1.01)

1.02 (0.64,1.62)

 1861–2790 PEN

0.89 (0.76,1.03)

0.81** (0.70,0.95)

1.13 (0.72,1.78)

 2791–4650 PEN

0.76** (0.62,0.93)

0.72*** (0.59,0.87)

0.88 (0.47,1.63)

 More than 4651 PEN

0.70*** (0.58,0.85)

0.60*** (0.48,0.75)

0.56 (0.29,1.09)

 Prefer not to respond

0.97 (0.88,1.07)

0.91 (0.82,1.01)

0.95 (0.66,1.37)

COVID-19 infection

0.89 (0.58,1.36)

1.65** (1.14,2.39)

0.1 (0.01,1.01)

Comorbidities

1.14** (1.05,1.24)

1.49*** (1.36,1.63)

1.05 (0.73,1.50)

 Formal employment

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Informal employment

1.36** (1.11,1.66)

1.28** (1.11,1.48)

1.16 (0.57,2.36)

 Unemployed before lockdown

1.55*** (1.31,1.84)

1.36*** (1.20,1.55)

1.59 (0.93,2.72)

 Recently unemployed

1.50*** (1.28,1.75)

1.39*** (1.24,1.60)

1.64 (0.97,2.77)