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Table 2 Risk factors of categorical and continuous psychological distress: odds ratio and beta from the logistic and linear regressions, weighted analysisc

From: Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and suppression measures during the first wave in Belgium

   

Psychological distress

Mean (std)

or %

 

Categorical distressa

Continuous score of distressa

  

Model 1b

Model 2b

Model 1b

Model 2b

Covariates

  

OR

95%CI

p

OR

95%CI

p

Beta

95%CI

p

Beta

95%CI

p

Exposure to COVID-19 (no., 0 to 8)

0.94 (1.3)

 

1.17

1.14,1.20

<.001

1.15

1.12,1.18

<.001

0.17

0.14, 0.21

<.001

0.14

0.11, 0.17

<.001

Duration of lockdown (days, 1 to 21)

5.2 (4.9)

 

1.03

1.02,1.04

<.001

1.03

1.02,1.03

<.001

0.09

0.08, 0.10

<.001

0.09

0.08, 0.10

<.001

Decrease in social activity (score, −13 to 17)

3.8 (2.9)

 

1.11

1.10,1.13

<.001

1.10

1.08,1.11

<.001

0.16

0.14, 0.17

<.001

0.13

0.12, 0.15

<.001

Social support (score, 3 to 14)

9.1 (2.4)

 

0.88

0.87,0.90

<.001

0.87

0.85,0.88

<.001

−0.20

−0.22,-0.18

<.001

−0.20

− 0.22,-0.18

<.001

Loneliness (score, 3 to 12)

6.1 (2.7)

 

1.45

1.42,1.47

<.001

1.46

1.44,1.49

<.001

0.65

0.63, 0.67

<.001

0.62

0.60, 0.64

<.001

Change in occupational status (ref = no change):

 Lost job

1.3

 

5.24

3.57, 7.69

<.001

4.55

3.08, 6.71

<.001

1.53

1.20, 1.86

<.001

1.26

0.93, 1.58

<.001

 Stopped working

14.0

 

1.08

0.95, 1.22

0.239

1.02

0.90, 1.16

0.775

0.41

0.26, 0.56

<.001

0.29

0.14, 0.45

<.001

 More teleworking

47.7

 

1.35

1.23, 1.49

<.001

1.00

0.90, 1.11

0.950

0.58

0.46, 0.70

<.001

0.22

0.10, 0.35

<.001

 More time in workplace

4.2

 

0.71

0.59, 0.87

<.001

0.54

0.44, 0.66

<.001

−0.42

−0.66,-0.17

<.001

−0.73

−0.97,-0.49

<.001

 Other

14.2

 

1.24

1.11, 1.39

<.001

1.32

1.18, 1.49

<.001

0.51

0.37, 0.65

<.001

0.52

0.38, 0.66

<.001

Income (ref = no change):

 Increase

0.5

 

0.43

0.26, 0.69

<.001

0.43

0.26, 0.71

<.001

−1.01

−1.49,-0.53

<.001

−1.08

−1.55,-0.61

<.001

 Decrease

19.3

 

1.45

1.31, 1.60

<.001

1.48

1.34, 1.64

<.001

0.54

0.42, 0.67

<.001

0.53

0.41, 0.66

<.001

Workload (ref = no change):

 Increase

21.3

 

2.11

1.90, 2.33

<.001

1.87

1.68, 2.08

<.001

0.85

0.72, 0.98

<.001

0.63

0.50, 0.76

<.001

 Decrease

40.6

 

1.69

1.54, 1.85

<.001

1.43

1.30, 1.57

<.001

0.63

0.52, 0.74

<.001

0.37

0.26, 0.48

<.001

  1. a Categorical distress refers to GHQ12 > =4; continuous distress refers to the total score
  2. bModel 1 is controlled for all variables displayed in the table; Model 2 is additionally controlled for age group, gender, educational level, and presence of long-term illness
  3. cWeighted according to a Standard European Population