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Table 2 Psychosocial characteristics: Risk and protective factors for probable Gambling Disorder (GD) - men vs. women

From: Risk factors, physical and mental health burden of male and female pathological gamblers in the German general population aged 40–80

Sample

Total sample

Men

Women

Subgroup

(n/%)

no GD

(11,640/98.0%)

GD

(235/2.0%)

 

no GD

(5,912/97.2%)

GD

(168/2.8%)

 

no GD

(5,728/98.8%)

GD

(67/1.2%)

 
 

% (n)

% (n)

p

% (n)

% (n)

p

% (n)

% (n)

p

DEMOGRAPHICS

 Age [years, mean (SD)]

59.3 (10.8)

56.0 (11.0)

< 0.0001

59.6 (10.8)

55.6 (10.9)

< 0.0001

59.0 (10.7)

57.1 (11.4)

0.17

 SES [mean (SD)]

13.15 (4.39)

12.63 (4.61)

0.09

13.85 (4.38)

12.86 (4.79)

0.009

12.42 (4.28)

12.06 (4.09)

0.48

 Education years [mean (SD)]

12.99 (2.05)

12.84 (2.37)

0.34

13.25 (2.10)

12.8 (2.36)

0.018

12.73 (1.97)

12.94 (2.41)

0.48

 Partnership

85.0 (9862)

79.6 (187)

0.027

89.5 (5269)

81.0 (136)

0.001

80.4 (4593)

76.1 (51)

0.36

STRESS-RELATED

 Daily stressors (past 12 months)

  - conflicts with superior

9.8 (1121)

17.3 (40)

0.0005

9.9 (574)

16.9 (28)

0.006

9.7 (547)

18.5 (12)

0.032

  - conflicts with colleagues

10.4 (1187)

17.0 (39)

0.003

10.8 (626)

16.4 (27)

0.031

10.0 (561)

18.5 (12)

0.035

  - conflicts within family

24.1 (2765)

31.9 (74)

0.008

19.8 (1154)

31.3 (52)

0.001

28.6 (1611)

33.3 (22)

0.41

  - financial burden

13.8 (1585)

33.9 (79)

< 0.0001

13.6 (792)

35.3 (59)

< 0.0001

14.1 (793)

30.3 (20)

0.001

  - Total score [mean (SD)]

25.98 (7.77)

29.18 (9.25)

< 0.0001

25.37 (7.35)

29.04 (9.39)

< 0.0001

26.61 (8.14)

29.53 (8.93)

0.01

 Life events (ever occurred)

  - minor legal offense

25.5 (2884)

42.3 (94)

< 0.0001

33.6 (1932)

45.0 (72)

0.004

17.1 (952)

35.5 (22)

0.001

  - imprisonment

0.7 (83)

2.6 (6)

0.009

0.9 (54)

3.6 (6)

0.006

0.5 (29)

0 (0)

1.00

  - Total score [mean (SD)]

16.59 (6.13)

17.31 (6.67)

0.10

16.14 (6.30)

17.14 (6.97)

0.07

17.05 (5.91)

17.72 (5.88)

0.36

SUPPORT [mean (SD)]

 Social support (total score)

9.76 (3.68)

10.74 (3.91)

0.0002

9.66 (3.60)

10.77 (4.03)

0.001

9.87 (3.75)

10.69 (3.64)

0.07

 Social support (emotional)

5.04 (2.13)

5.69 (2.26)

< 0.0001

5.19 (2.15)

5.80 (2.34)

0.001

4.88 (2.09)

5.40 (2.03)

0.041

 Social support (tangible)

4.74 (2.15)

5.08 (2.34)

0.027

4.49 (2.03)

5.00 (2.36)

0.006

5.00 (2.24)

5.28 (2.29)

0.31