Risk factors, physical and mental health burden of male and female pathological gamblers in the German general population aged 40–80

Table 4 Prediction of Gambling Disorder (GD) by sociodemographic, psychological, behavioral, and somatic variables

	Total sample (n = 11,089)			Men (n = 5706)			Women (n = 5383)
Variable	OR	95%CI	p	OR	95%CI	p	OR	95%CI	p
Sex (Men)	2.90	2.13–3.99	< 0.0001
Age [y]	0.98	0.96–0.99	0.005	0.97	0.95–0.99	0.001	1.00	0.97–1.03	0.99
SES	0.95	0.92–0.99	0.008	0.95	0.91–0.99	0.008	0.99	0.92–1.06	0.73
1st Gen. Migrants (vs non)	3.12	2.22–4.34	< 0.0001	2.71	1.79–4.02	< 0.0001	4.36	2.32–7.92	< 0.0001
2nd Gen. Migrants (vs non)	1.15	0.74–1.72	0.52	0.77	0.42–1.32	0.37	2.35	1.18–4.42	0.010
Depression (PHQ9 ≥ 10)	1.20	0.71–1.98	0.50	1.28	0.68–2.35	0.44	1.02	0.38–2.52	0.97
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD2 ≥ 3)	0.76	0.43–1.32	0.35	0.77	0.38–1.50	0.46	0.79	0.27–2.09	0.65
Panic disorder	1.29	0.73–2.17	0.36	1.19	0.57–2.29	0.63	1.54	0.59–3.50	0.34
Daily stressors^a [per 5 points]	1.18	1.07–1.29	0.001	1.17	1.04–1.30	0.009	1.21	1.02–1.43	0.028
Social support (total)^a [per 1 point]	1.02	0.98–1.06	0.28	1.02	0.97–1.07	0.42	1.03	0.95–1.10	0.47
Loneliness	0.78	0.49–1.20	0.27	0.9	0.53–1.50	0.70	0.52	0.20–1.16	0.13
Smoking	1.79	1.30–2.44	0.0003	1.78	1.22–2.56	0.002	1.85	0.98–3.31	0.046
Alcohol abuse	0.86	0.30–1.92	0.74	0.83	0.25–2.04	0.72	1.06	0.06–5.06	0.96
Screen time (> 4 h)	1.48	1.06–2.02	0.017	1.33	0.90–1.94	0.14	1.92	1.04–3.38	0.029
BMI [kg/m²]	0.98	0.95–1.01	0.20	0.97	0.93–1.00	0.08	1	0.96–1.05	0.88
Somatic symptoms^a [per 1 point]	1.04	1.00–1.08	0.035	1.06	1.01–1.11	0.017	1.01	0.94–1.08	0.75

Dependent variable: GD. OR Odds Ratio, 95%CI 95% Confidence Interval
^a scaled variables (Daily stressors from 16 to 80 / Social Support from 6 to 24 / Somatic symptoms from 0 to 28)

ISSN: 1471-244X