Authors | Sample N (mean age) | Test | Anxiety | Depression | BMI/WfH | ED severity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tchanturia et al., 2002 [29] | AN = 30 (25.2) AN-REC = 16 (30.0) HC = 23 (27.6) | Haptic Illusion Task (SS) Cognitive Shift Task (SS) | Group differences in the Haptic Illusion Task remained after covarying for anxiety. Group differences in the cognitive shift task disappeared when controlling for anxiety. | – | N/A | N/A |
Tchanturia et al., 2004 [30] | AN = 34 (26.7) BN = 19 (26.5) HC = 35 (24.8) | Trail Making Test (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (SS) Picture Set Test (SS) Verbal Fluency Task (SS) CatBat Task (SS) Haptic Illusion Task (SS) | – | – | – | N/A |
Holliday et al., 2005 [31] | AN = 47 (26.3) AN sisters = 47 (27.6) HC = 47 (26.5) | Haptic Illusion Task (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (SS) Trail Making Test (SS) CatBat Task (SS) | Anxiety scores correlated with the Haptic Illusion Task. | Depression scores correlated with the Haptic Illusion Task. | – | N/A |
Fowler et al., 2006 [20] | AN = 25 (16.9) HC = 25 (17.6) | Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift Test (SS) | – | – | – | N/A |
AN = 15 (25.6) HC = 11 (24.0) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | – | – | – | – | |
Lopez et al., 2008 [5] | AN = 42 (28.4) HC = 42 (26.3) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Embedded Figures Test (CC) Sentence Completion Task (CC) Homograph Reading Task (CC) | – | – | BMI correlated with number of errors in the initial pronunciation in the Homograph Reading Task. | N/A |
Kim et al., 2010 [34] | AN = 40 (22.8) BN = 28 (23.0) HC = 34 (22.7) | Trail Making Test (SS) | – | Depression slightly correlated with set-shifting. | – | – |
Roberts et al., 2010 [35] | AN = 35 (23.7) AN-BP = 33 (25.6) BN = 30 (26.4) AN-REC = 30 (32.1) AN sister = 30 (24.2) BN sister = 20 (27.6) HC = 88 (28.4) | Trail Making Test (SS) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (SS) Haptic illusion Task (SS) | Increased anxiety in the poor set-shifting group, but effects were small | Increased depression in the poor set-shifting group, but effects were small. | – | Those with poor set-shifting had higher score on the YBC-EDS |
Tenconi et al., 2010 [36] | AN = 153 (26.2) HC = 120 (27.4) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Trail Making Test (SS) Rey Complex Figure Test CC) Overlapping Figures Test (CC) | State anxiety had a moderate correlation with Trail Making Test and Overlapping Figures Test. | – | – | – |
Harrison et al., 2011 [26] | AN = 50 (16–55) BN = 48 (16–55) AN-REC = 35 (16–55) HC = 89 (16–55) | Fragmented Pictures Task (CC) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Group Embedded Figures Test (CC) | – | – | Negative correlation between BMI and Fragmented Picture Task, but not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. | Those with reduced central coherence had higher EDE-Q Global score |
McAnarney et al., 2011 [27] | AN-R = 24 (14–20) HC = 37 (14–20) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift test (SS) | N/A | N/A | No significant correlations. | N/A |
Bühren et al., 2012 [37] | AN = 28 (15.6) HC =27 (15.0) | Visual Set-Shifting Task (SS) | – | – | N/A | N/A |
Danner et al., 2012 [38] | AN = 16 (25.6) AN-REC = 15 (24.3) HC = 15 (25.8) | Berg’s Card Sorting Test (SS) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) | A better copy accuracy on the Rey Complex Figure Task was related to higher levels of anxiety. | – | N/A | – |
Galimberti et al., 2012 [39] | AN-R = 24 (26.7) AN-BP = 12 (27.1) BN = 16 (25.3) HC = 40 (25.9) | Intra/Extradimensional Set shift test (SS) | – | – | – | N/A |
Giel et al., 2012 [40] | AN = 15 (23.9) UD = 20 (36.3) HC = 35 (30.2) | Trail Making Test (SS) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Parametric Go/No-Go Test (SS) | N/A | Significant medium correlations were found in both AN and UD patients. | – | – |
Shott et al., 2012 [28] | ADOL-AN = 15 (14.8) ADOL-C = 16 (14.0) ADULT-AN = 26 (26.2) ADULT – C = 33 (26.0) | Category Learning Task (SS) | – | – | – | – |
Galimberti et al., 2013 [41] | AN = 29 (24.1) HC = 29 (28.6) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | N/A | N/A | – | – |
Tapajoz et al., 2013 [42] | AN = 24 (24.5) BN = 24 (24.4) HC = 24 (25.2) | Rey Complex Figure Task (CC) | – | – | – | – |
Van Autreve et al., 2013 [43] | AN-R = 31 (26.0) AN-BP = 20 (20.0) HC = 26 (19.0) | Block design (CC) Object Assembly (CC) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Trail Making Test (SS) Task Switching Paradigm (SS) | Trait anxiety in the AN-BP group correlated with Object Assembly. | – | – | N/A |
Zuchova et al., 2013 [44] | AN = 31 (25.6) | Rey Complex Figure Task (CC) | N/A | N/A | – | Significant correlations between recall accuracy and EDE-Q total score and CR-EAT |
Abbate Daga et al., 2014 [45] | AN = 94 (24.7) HC = 59 (25.1) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | N/A | AN individuals with poor set-shifting reported higher BDI scores than those with intact set-shifting. | – | N/A |
Aloi et al., 2015 [46] | AN-RES = 45 (22.8) BED = 45 (30.6) HC = 45 (25.6) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Trail Making Test (SS) Wisconsin Card sorting Test (SS) | N/A | – | BMI was associated with poor cognitive flexibility, extreme weight conditions performed worse than HC. | N/A |
Lang et al., 2015 [22] | AN = 41 (15.1) HC = 43 (15.1) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Fragmented Pictures Task (CC) | – | – | – | N/A |
Renwick et al., 2015 [29] | AN-R = 44 AN-BP = 33 EDNOS-AN = 23 Total N = 100 (24.7) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (SS) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |
Øverås et al., 2015 [47] | AN-R = 30 (19.1) HC = 45 (18.3) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | Significant correlations with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. | Significant correlations with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. | Significant correlations with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. | N/A |
Elzakkers et al., 2016 [48] | AN = 70 (27.3) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Wisconsin Card sorting Test (SS) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |
Roberts et al., 2016 [49] | AN = 54 (24.2) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (SS) Trail Making Test (SS) Haptic illusion Task (SS) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Group Embedded Figures Test (CC) | N/A | N/A | The group with both poor set-shifting and global processing had a lower lifetime BMI than patients with one neurocognitive inefficiency. | N/A |
Röβner et al., 2016 | AN = 69 (14.3) HC = 63 (14.1) | Trail Making Test (SS) | N/A | – | – | N/A |
Van Noort et al., 2016 [24] | EO-AN =30 (12.2) AN = 30 (15.9) HC = 60 (16.2) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Trail Making Test (SS) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |
Van Noort et al., 2016 [24] | AN = 20 (15.6) HC = 20 (15.7) | Trail Making Test (SS) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |
Weider et al., 2016 [50] | AN = 41 (28.2) BN = 40 (27.7) HC = 41 (27.7) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) | N/A | N/A | Significant low central coherence index became non-significant when adjusting for nadir BMI. | N/A |
Bentz et al., 2017 [25] | FeAN = 43 (16.1) AN-REC = 28 (18.4) HC = 41 (17.7) | Verbal fluency Task (SS) Design fluency Task (SS) Trail Making Test (SS) Group Embedded Figures Test (CC) | – | – | N/A | N/A |
Perpiña et al., 2016 [51] | AN-R = 18 (22.3) ED.AN = 21 (23.1) BP-G = 47 (24.5) OB = 27 (47.8) HC = 39 (31.9) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | Positive relationship between anxiety and “total errors” on Wisconsin Card sorting Test. Negative relationship between anxiety and “total categories completed” on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. | A positive relationship between depression and “total errors” on Wisconsin card sorting test, and negative correlations between depression and Iowa gambling task in all groups. | N/A | – |
Øverås et al., 2017 [52] | AN =35 (18.8) HC = 34 (18.7) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | – | – | – | N/A |
Brown et al., 2018 [18] | AN = 10 (14.5) HC = 14 (13.7) AN parent =10 (44.7) HC parent =14 (46.9) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Group Embedded Figure Test (CC) Trail Making Test (SS) Verbal Fluency Test (SS) | Higher levels of anxiety could affect cognitive function. | Higher levels of depression could affect cognitive function. | N/A | N/A |
Hamatani et al., 2018 [53] | AN = 22 (31.5) HC = 33 (28.0) | Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) | – | – | – | N/A |
Herbrich et al., 2018 [21] | AN-R = 90 (14.4) AN-BP = 21 (15.2) HC = 63 (14.0) | Trail Making Test (SS) Group Embedded Figures Test (CC) Rey Complex Figure Test (CC) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) | – | – | Negative correlation between BMI and Trail Making Test-4 in the AN-R group. Negative correlation between BMI and Group Embedded Figures Test in the AN-BP group. | N/A |
Leppanen et al., 2018 [54] | AN = 145 (25.0) | Rey Complex Figure Test (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (SS) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |
Oldershaw et al., 2018 [55] | AN = 71 (26.6) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Brixton Spatial Anticipation test (SS) Trail Making Test (SS) Group Embedded Figure Test (CC) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |
Berner et al. 2019 [56] | IAN = 40 (24.3) RAN = 24 (25.6) HC = 42 (22.0) | Cued Color-Shape Switching Task (SS) | – | – | – | N/A |
Sproch et al. 2019 [57] | AN CRT = 135 (23.9) AN CC = 140 (22.2) | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (SS) Comprehensive Trail Making Test (SS) | N/A | N/A | – | N/A |