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Table 1 Outcomes in Adulthood

From: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with developmental coordination disorder: 24-year follow-up of a population-based sample

Demographic and social outcomes

ADHD+DCD (n = 62)

Registry-Matched Group (n = 307)

Population-Matched Group (n = 51)

ADHD+DCD vs Registry Matched Comparison Cohens d

ADHD+DCD vs Population Matched Comparison Cohens d

Female, no (%)

10 (16)

55 (18)

12 (24)

–

–

Ever married, no (%)1

12 (19)

68 (22)

15 (29)

N.S

N.S

Being a parent, no (%)1

25 (37)

145 (47)

26 (49)

N.S

N.S

Education level, range 1–7, mdn (IQR)2

4 (3–4)

4 (4–6)

4 (4–6)

−0.71 (− 0.33 to − 1.09)

− 0.55 (− 0.18 to − 0.93)

Sports grade 9th grade failed or missing, no (%)

10 (16)

32 (10)

2 (4)

0.28 (− 0.15 to 1.73)

0.87 (0.00 to 1.73)

Occupational skill level, range 0–4, mdn (IQR)3

2 (2–2)

2 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

− 0.60 (− 0.22 to − 0.98)

− 0.71 (− 0.33 to − 1.10)

Occurrence of unemployment, no (%)4

45 (73)

187 (61)

29 (57)

–

–

Among participants with unemployment

 No of years receiving any unemployment benefit, mdn (IQR)

3 (2–6)

3 (2–6)

2 (1–3)

0.11 (− 0.26 to 0.49)

0.41 (0.03 to 0.78)

 Average no. of days per year in unemployment as adult, mdn (IQR)

15 (9–27)

14 (7–30)

8 (5–17)

0.09 (−0.28 to 0.47)

0.55 (0.17 to 0.93)

Occurrence of sick leave, no (%)4

26 (42)

109 (36)

21 (41)

–

–

Among participants with sick leave

 Income per year (SEK) from sick leave, mdn (IQR)

2200 (700 to 5800)

2300 (700 to 5400)

1200 (700 to 2500)

N.S

N.S

 No of years with any sick leave, no (IQR)

1 (1–2)

1 (2–2)

1 (1–1)

0.31 (−0.06 to 0.68)

0.18 (− 0.19 to 0.55)

Occurrence of welfare benefits due to social circumstances4

16 (26)

57 (19)

7 (14)

–

–

Occurrence of any welfare benefits4

52 (84)

198 (65)

29 (57)

–

–

Among participants receiving welfare benefits

 Sum of any welfare benefits1 (SEK) received per year from 18 years, mdn (IQR)

8600 (3700 to 21,300)

9300 (2400 to 17,800)

900 (1600 to 8700)

0.20 (−0.17 to 0.57)

0.64 (0.26 to 1.02)

Occurrence of welfare benefits in the last year of follow-up1 (age 30 or 31), no (%)

16 (28)

64 (21)

9 (19)

N.S

N.S

Any conviction4 no, (%)

14 (23)

51 (17)

8 (16)

–

–

Violence

10 (16)

30 (10)

4 (8)

–

–

Drug-related

3 (5)

9 (3)

1 (2)

–

–

Traffic-related

3 (5)

23 (7)

4 (8)

–

–

Other crime

1 (2)

11 (4)

1 (2)

–

–

Psychiatric and medical oucomes, no (%)

 Deceased6,7

1 (2)

2 (1)

2 (4)

N.S

N.S

 Hospital admission for any cause4

35 (57)

176 (57)

21 (41)

–

–

 Psychiatric hospital admission7

2 (3)

1 (0)

0 (0)

N.A

N.A

 Support by Social Services Act as child (SOL)7

5 (8)

6 (2)

0 (0)

N.A

N.A

 Support by Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (LSS)7

4 (6)

7 (2)

0 (0)

N.A

N.A

 Any psychiatric disorder8

18 (29)

41 (13)

8 (16)

  

 Affective disorders

6 (10)

14 (5)

3 (6)

–

–

 Anxiety disorders

4 (6)

19 (6)

4 (8)

–

–

 Neurodevelopmental disorders

12 (19)

11 (4)

1 (2)

–

–

 Substance use related disorders

2 (3)

12 (4)

3 (6)

–

–

 Pain diagnosis4,9

21 (34)

76 (25)

12 (24)

  

Prescriptions

 Psychotropic medication prescription4

27 (44)

74 (24)

10 (20)

  

 Stimulants

6 (10)

6 (2)

0 (0)

–

–

 Antidepressant

17 (27)

50 (16)

8 (16)

–

–

 Anxiolytics

14 (23)

45 (15)

4 (8)

–

–

 Antiepileptics

6 (10)

15 (5)

1 (2)

–

–

 Sedatives

7 (11)

25 (11)

5 (10)

–

–

 Neuroleptics

3 (5)

10 (3)

1 (2)

–

–

 Anti-alcohol medication

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

–

 Anti-opioid medication

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

–

Among participants with prescription

 Total amount of defined daily dose psychotropic medication prescribed, mdn (IQR)

433 (79 to 1971)

356 (101 to 1925)

171 (63 to 2172)

N.S

N.S

Any pain medication prescription4, no (%)

30 (48)

128 (41)

20 (39)

  

Opioids, no (%)

14 (23)

67 (22)

10 (20)

N.S

N.S

Among participants with pain medication prescription

 Total amount of defined daily dose of analgesic medication prescribed, mdn (IQR)

54 (38 to 123)

50 (24 to 100)

50 (23 to 67)

N.S

N.S

  1. Abbreviations: Mdn median, IQR Interquartile range, SEK Swedish Krona. Point estimates of Cohens d (i.e. standardized mean difference) is reported with the 95% confidence interval in parentheses. Bolded numbers are significant
  2. 1 The 3 × 2 χ2 test was not significant and therefore no pairwise analyses or effect size calculations were performed
  3. 2 Education level: 1 = less than 9 years, 2 = 9 years, 3 = 1–2 years of high school, 4 = 3 years of high school, 5 = 1–2 years of undergraduate college, 6 = 3 or more
  4. years of undergraduate college, 7 = graduate studies. Missing data: ADHD+DCD (1), Registry-Matched group (RM group, 3)
  5. 3 International Standard Classification of Occupation; 0 = No vocation, 1 = Manual work not requiring education beyond elementary school level, 2 = Requiring education programmes at upper secondary and tertiary level of no more than 2 years, 3 = Requiring education programmes of 2–3 years in length, 4 = Requiring theoretical and research-oriented education. Missing data; ADHD+DCD (1), Population-Matched group (3), RM group (3)
  6. 4 Outcome was analyzed as time-to-event in a Kaplan-Meier curve and is provided in the additional file
  7. 5 Welfare benefits due to sick leave, sick pension, unemployment or social circumstances
  8. 6 Causes of death included accident, suicide and cardiac arrest, but cannot be attributed in detail due to participant identity protection
  9. 7 Distributions violated the assumptions for the χ2 test and no effect sizes were calculated
  10. 8 Corresponding ICD-10 codes for diagnoses; Any psychiatric disorder (F1-F9), Affective disorders (F3), Anxiety disorders (F4), Neurodevelopmental disorders (F7, F82, F84, F90), Substance use disorders (F1)
  11. 9 ICD-codes diagnoses with a chief complaint of pain of unknown etiology are provided in the methods section
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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