Interactive association of maternal education and peer relationship with oppositional defiant disorder: an observational study

Table 1 Sociodemographic data associated with oppositional defiant disorder in the univariate and multivariate logistic regressions (n = 981)

Variables	n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	p-Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p-Value
Age Range (y)	18–25
Sex
Female	534 (54.43)	1
Male	447 (45.56)	2.43 (1.72, 3.45)	< 0.001	1.94 (1.34, 2.83)	0.001
Division Of College
Day Division	488 (49.74)	1
Night Division^a	493 (50.25)	2.12 (1.50, 3.02)	< 0.001	1.74 (1.19, 2.56)	0.005
Family Type			0.002
Double-Parent	256 (26.09)	1
Single-Parent	725 (73.91)	1.75 (1.22, 2.49)
Father Working Status			0.29
Unemployed	65 (6.63)	1
Employed	916 (93.37)	1.39 (0.73, 2.5)
Father Education Level			0.74
Low Education	266 (27.11)	1
High Education	715 (72.88)	0.94 (0.65, 1.37)
Mother Working Status			0.567
Unemployed	336 (34.25)	1
Employed	645 (65.74)	0.90 (0.63, 1.28)
Mother Education Level			0.016		0.042
Low Education^d	229 (23.34)	1		1
High Education	752 (76.66)	0.64 (0.44, 0.93)		0.65 (0.44, 0.99)
Poor Academic Performance^c	138 (14.06)	1.95 (1.27, 2.96)	0.002	1.86 (1.15, 2.98)	0.011
Peer with Conduct Behavior	397 (40.46)	1.77 (1.26, 2.48)	0.001
Peer With Illicit Substance Use	374 (38.12)	2.78 (1.98, 3.92)	< 0.001	2.11 (1.45, 3.07)	0.0001
High Risk Environment of Illicit Substance Use	410 (41.79)	5.61 (3.86, 8.29)	< 0.001	5.64 (3.83, 8.45)	< 0.0001
Personal Income^b
No Income	309 (31.49)	1	< 0.001
Moderate Income	252 (25.68)	1.06 (0.66, 1.67)	0.813
High Income	420 (42.81)	2.25 (1.54, 3.32)	< 0.001
Family economic status
Affluence	264 (26.91)	1	< 0.001
Balanced	529 (53.92)	0.62 (0.37, 1.04)	0.717
Liabilities	188 (19.16)	0.92 (0.61, 1.43)	0.071

OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; crude OR for the univariate regression and adjusted OR for the multivariate regression
^a A division providing evening classes for those working during the daytime
^bModerate income, below 12,000 Taiwan dollars (about 400 USD) per month; high income, over 12,000 Taiwan dollars per month
^cPoor academic performance meant failure in more than half of their curricula in a semester
^dEducational level: low≦9 years and high> 9 years
Numbers of missing data for each variable were as below: 85 for age, 2 for sex, 5 for division, peer with conduct behavior, peer using illicit substance, and high risk environment, 6 for family type, 68 for father’s work, 93 for father’s education, 28 for mother’s work, 76 for mother’s education, 13 for poor academic performance, 77 for personal income, and 63 for family economic status

ISSN: 1471-244X