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Table 1 Hospital and county-level characteristics by telepsychiatry adoption in 2017

From: Telepsychiatry adoption across hospitals in the United States: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Number (%)

of Hospitals

Number (%)

of Hospitals had Telepsychiatry

Number (%)

of Hospitals without Telepsychiatry

P

Nationally

3475 (100.0)

548 (15.8)

2927 (84.2)

 

Hospital Location

 Urban

2046 (58.9)

397 (19.4)

1649 (80.6)

< 0.001

 Rural Micropolitan

602 (17.3)

82 (13.6)

520 (86.4)

< 0.001

 Rural Noncore

827 (23.8)

69 (8.3)

758 (91.7)

< 0.001

Provision of Psychiatric Services

 None of Inpatient and

Outpatient Psychiatric Services

1526 (43.9)

104 (6.8)

1422 (93.2)

< 0.001 <  0.001

 Inpatient Psychiatric Services Only

111 (3.2)

9 (7.9)

102 (92.1)

0.02

 Outpatient Psychiatric Services Only

814 (23.4)

124 (15.2)

690 (84.8)

0.63

 Both Inpatient and Outpatient Psychiatric Services

1024 (29.5)

311 (30.4)

713 (69.6)

<  0.001

Ownership

 Federal

55 (1.6)

44 (80.0)

11 (20.0)

<  0.001

 Non-federal Public

731 (21.0)

92 (12.6)

639 (87.4)

<  0.01

 Non-profit, Private

384 (11.1)

33 (8.6)

351 (91.4)

<  0.001

 For-profit, Private

2305 (66.3)

379 (16.4)

1926 (83.6)

0.13

System Affiliation

<  0.001

 Yes

2337 (67.3)

423 (18.1)

1914 (81.9)

 

 No

1138 (32.7)

125 (11.0)

1013 (89.0)

 

Teaching Status

<  0.001

 Yes

1508 (43.4)

341 (22.6)

1167 (77.4)

 

 No

1967 (56.6)

207 (10.5)

1760 (89.5)

 

Critical Access Hospital

<  0.001

 Yes

1003 (28.9)

81 (8.1)

922 (91.9)

 

 No

2472 (71.1)

467 (18.9)

2005 (81.1)

 

Hospital Beds Staffed

 1–25

1034 (29.8)

76 (7.4)

958 (92.7)

<  0.001

 26–100

800 (23.0)

112 (14.0)

688 (86.0)

0.12

 101–225

747 (21.5)

128 (17.1)

619 (82.9)

0.25

  > 225

894 (25.7)

232 (26.0)

662 (74.1)

<  0.001

Ratio of Medicaid Inpatient Days to Total Inpatient Days

  ≤ 7.76%

887 (25.5)

105 (11.8)

782 (88.2)

<  0.001

 7.76%-16.67

1048 (30.2)

134 (12.8)

914 (87.2)

<  0.01

 16.67–23.61%

729 (21.0)

131 (18.0)

598 (82.0)

0.07

  > 23.61%

811 (23.3)

178 (22.0)

633 (78.0)

<  0.001

Profit Margins

 Negative Margins

879 (25.3)

104 (11.8)

775 (88.2)

<  0.001

 Positive Margins

2047 (58.9)

314 (15.3)

1733 (84.7)

0.41

 Missing

549 (15.8)

130 (23.7)

419 (76.3)

<  0.001

County-level Population by Age Groups, (Mean, Standard Deviation)

  < 15

19.0% (0.026)

19.0% (0.026)

18.7% (0.026)

0.13

 15–24

13.3% (0.031)

13.2% (0.031)

13.7% (0.031)

<  0.001

 25–44

27.4% (0.036)

27.2% (0.036)

28.3% (0.036)

<  0.001

 45–64

26.3% (0.029)

26.4% (0.030)

25.9% (0.029)

<  0.001

 65–74

7.5% (0.019)

7.6% (0.019)

7.1% (0.019)

<  0.001

  > 75

6.6% (0.021)

6.6% (0.021)

6.2% (0.021)

<  0.001

County-level Population by Race/Ethnicity, % (Mean, Standard Deviation)

 Non-Hispanic White

69.9% (0.219)

70.3% (0.220)

67.5% (0.213)

<  0.001

 Non-Hispanic Black

5.3% (0.064)

5.1% (0.064)

6.1% (0.063)

<  0.001

 American Indian and Alaska Native

1.8% (0.052)

1.8% (0.052)

16.2% (0.054)

0.03

 Hispanic

13.3% (0.155)

13.3% (0.158)

13.0% (0.138)

0.02

 Other

9.8% (0.094)

9.4% (0.093)

11.8% (0.976)

<  0.001

County-level Population Uninsured, %

  ≤ 7.4%

1132 (32.6)

203 (17.9)

929 (82.1)

0.02

 7.4–10.6%

926 (26.6)

153 (16.5)

773 (83.5)

0.46

 10.6–14.5%

717 (20.6)

123 (17.2)

594 (82.9)

0.25

  > 14.5%

700 (20.1)

69 (9.9)

631 (90.1)

<  0.001

County-level Population Living in Poverty (<  200% Federal Poverty Level), %

  ≤ 26.43%

1063 (30.6)

199 (18.7)

864 (81.3)

<  0.01

  26.43–32.58%

1064 (30.6)

164 (15.4)

900 (84.6)

0.70

 32.58–39.20%

812 (23.4)

124 (15.3)

688 (84.7)

0.66

  > 39.20%

536 (15.4)

61 (11.4)

475 (88.6)

<  0.01

County-level Population Unemployed, %

  ≤ 3.5%

881 (25.4)

123 (14.0)

758 (86.0)

0.09

 3.5–4.4%

1070 (30.8)

185 (17.3)

885 (82.7)

0.10

 4.4–5.5%

976 (28.1)

158 (16.2)

818 (83.8)

0.67

  > 5.5%

548 (15.8)

82 (15.0)

466 (85.0)

0.57

Designation as a Mental Health Professional Shortage Area

 No

218 (6.3)

48 (22.0)

170 (78.0)

<  0.01

 Part

1676 (48.2)

334 (19.9)

1342 (80.1)

<  0.001

 Whole

1581 (45.5)

166 (10.5)

1415 (89.5)

<  0.001

County-level Total Number of Psychiatrists

 None

1308 (37.6)

125 (9.6)

1183 (90.4)

<  0.001

 1–4

400 (11.5)

55 (13.8)

345 (86.3)

<  0.001

  > 4

1767 (50.8)

368 (20.8)

1399 (79.2)

<  0.001

Census Region

 Northeast

612 (17.6)

102 (16.7)

510 (83.3)

0.50

  South

1146 (33.0)

167 (14.6)

979 (85.4)

0.17

 Midwest

1271 (36.6)

178 (14.0)

1093 (86.0)

0.03

 West

446 (12.8)

101 (22.7)

345 (77.3)

<  0.001

  1. Notes: The P values are derived from Pearson’s Chi-squared tests for the categorical characteristics (percentages) and from Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests for the numeric characteristics for the null hypothesis that hospitals with and without telepsychiatry are the same