From: Telepsychiatry adoption across hospitals in the United States: a cross-sectional study
Characteristics | Number (%) of Hospitals | Number (%) of Hospitals had Telepsychiatry | Number (%) of Hospitals without Telepsychiatry | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nationally | 3475 (100.0) | 548 (15.8) | 2927 (84.2) | Â |
Hospital Location | ||||
 Urban | 2046 (58.9) | 397 (19.4) | 1649 (80.6) | < 0.001 |
 Rural Micropolitan | 602 (17.3) | 82 (13.6) | 520 (86.4) | < 0.001 |
 Rural Noncore | 827 (23.8) | 69 (8.3) | 758 (91.7) | < 0.001 |
Provision of Psychiatric Services | ||||
 None of Inpatient and Outpatient Psychiatric Services | 1526 (43.9) | 104 (6.8) | 1422 (93.2) | < 0.001 <  0.001 |
 Inpatient Psychiatric Services Only | 111 (3.2) | 9 (7.9) | 102 (92.1) | 0.02 |
 Outpatient Psychiatric Services Only | 814 (23.4) | 124 (15.2) | 690 (84.8) | 0.63 |
 Both Inpatient and Outpatient Psychiatric Services | 1024 (29.5) | 311 (30.4) | 713 (69.6) | <  0.001 |
Ownership | ||||
 Federal | 55 (1.6) | 44 (80.0) | 11 (20.0) | <  0.001 |
 Non-federal Public | 731 (21.0) | 92 (12.6) | 639 (87.4) | <  0.01 |
 Non-profit, Private | 384 (11.1) | 33 (8.6) | 351 (91.4) | <  0.001 |
 For-profit, Private | 2305 (66.3) | 379 (16.4) | 1926 (83.6) | 0.13 |
System Affiliation | <  0.001 | |||
 Yes | 2337 (67.3) | 423 (18.1) | 1914 (81.9) |  |
 No | 1138 (32.7) | 125 (11.0) | 1013 (89.0) |  |
Teaching Status | <  0.001 | |||
 Yes | 1508 (43.4) | 341 (22.6) | 1167 (77.4) |  |
 No | 1967 (56.6) | 207 (10.5) | 1760 (89.5) |  |
Critical Access Hospital | <  0.001 | |||
 Yes | 1003 (28.9) | 81 (8.1) | 922 (91.9) |  |
 No | 2472 (71.1) | 467 (18.9) | 2005 (81.1) |  |
Hospital Beds Staffed | ||||
 1–25 | 1034 (29.8) | 76 (7.4) | 958 (92.7) | <  0.001 |
 26–100 | 800 (23.0) | 112 (14.0) | 688 (86.0) | 0.12 |
 101–225 | 747 (21.5) | 128 (17.1) | 619 (82.9) | 0.25 |
  > 225 | 894 (25.7) | 232 (26.0) | 662 (74.1) | <  0.001 |
Ratio of Medicaid Inpatient Days to Total Inpatient Days | ||||
  ≤ 7.76% | 887 (25.5) | 105 (11.8) | 782 (88.2) | <  0.001 |
 7.76%-16.67 | 1048 (30.2) | 134 (12.8) | 914 (87.2) | <  0.01 |
 16.67–23.61% | 729 (21.0) | 131 (18.0) | 598 (82.0) | 0.07 |
  > 23.61% | 811 (23.3) | 178 (22.0) | 633 (78.0) | <  0.001 |
Profit Margins | ||||
 Negative Margins | 879 (25.3) | 104 (11.8) | 775 (88.2) | <  0.001 |
 Positive Margins | 2047 (58.9) | 314 (15.3) | 1733 (84.7) | 0.41 |
 Missing | 549 (15.8) | 130 (23.7) | 419 (76.3) | <  0.001 |
County-level Population by Age Groups, (Mean, Standard Deviation) | ||||
  < 15 | 19.0% (0.026) | 19.0% (0.026) | 18.7% (0.026) | 0.13 |
 15–24 | 13.3% (0.031) | 13.2% (0.031) | 13.7% (0.031) | <  0.001 |
 25–44 | 27.4% (0.036) | 27.2% (0.036) | 28.3% (0.036) | <  0.001 |
 45–64 | 26.3% (0.029) | 26.4% (0.030) | 25.9% (0.029) | <  0.001 |
 65–74 | 7.5% (0.019) | 7.6% (0.019) | 7.1% (0.019) | <  0.001 |
  > 75 | 6.6% (0.021) | 6.6% (0.021) | 6.2% (0.021) | <  0.001 |
County-level Population by Race/Ethnicity, % (Mean, Standard Deviation) | ||||
 Non-Hispanic White | 69.9% (0.219) | 70.3% (0.220) | 67.5% (0.213) | <  0.001 |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 5.3% (0.064) | 5.1% (0.064) | 6.1% (0.063) | <  0.001 |
 American Indian and Alaska Native | 1.8% (0.052) | 1.8% (0.052) | 16.2% (0.054) | 0.03 |
 Hispanic | 13.3% (0.155) | 13.3% (0.158) | 13.0% (0.138) | 0.02 |
 Other | 9.8% (0.094) | 9.4% (0.093) | 11.8% (0.976) | <  0.001 |
County-level Population Uninsured, % | ||||
  ≤ 7.4% | 1132 (32.6) | 203 (17.9) | 929 (82.1) | 0.02 |
 7.4–10.6% | 926 (26.6) | 153 (16.5) | 773 (83.5) | 0.46 |
 10.6–14.5% | 717 (20.6) | 123 (17.2) | 594 (82.9) | 0.25 |
  > 14.5% | 700 (20.1) | 69 (9.9) | 631 (90.1) | <  0.001 |
County-level Population Living in Poverty (<  200% Federal Poverty Level), % | ||||
  ≤ 26.43% | 1063 (30.6) | 199 (18.7) | 864 (81.3) | <  0.01 |
  26.43–32.58% | 1064 (30.6) | 164 (15.4) | 900 (84.6) | 0.70 |
 32.58–39.20% | 812 (23.4) | 124 (15.3) | 688 (84.7) | 0.66 |
  > 39.20% | 536 (15.4) | 61 (11.4) | 475 (88.6) | <  0.01 |
County-level Population Unemployed, % | ||||
  ≤ 3.5% | 881 (25.4) | 123 (14.0) | 758 (86.0) | 0.09 |
 3.5–4.4% | 1070 (30.8) | 185 (17.3) | 885 (82.7) | 0.10 |
 4.4–5.5% | 976 (28.1) | 158 (16.2) | 818 (83.8) | 0.67 |
  > 5.5% | 548 (15.8) | 82 (15.0) | 466 (85.0) | 0.57 |
Designation as a Mental Health Professional Shortage Area | ||||
 No | 218 (6.3) | 48 (22.0) | 170 (78.0) | <  0.01 |
 Part | 1676 (48.2) | 334 (19.9) | 1342 (80.1) | <  0.001 |
 Whole | 1581 (45.5) | 166 (10.5) | 1415 (89.5) | <  0.001 |
County-level Total Number of Psychiatrists | ||||
 None | 1308 (37.6) | 125 (9.6) | 1183 (90.4) | <  0.001 |
 1–4 | 400 (11.5) | 55 (13.8) | 345 (86.3) | <  0.001 |
  > 4 | 1767 (50.8) | 368 (20.8) | 1399 (79.2) | <  0.001 |
Census Region | ||||
 Northeast | 612 (17.6) | 102 (16.7) | 510 (83.3) | 0.50 |
  South | 1146 (33.0) | 167 (14.6) | 979 (85.4) | 0.17 |
 Midwest | 1271 (36.6) | 178 (14.0) | 1093 (86.0) | 0.03 |
 West | 446 (12.8) | 101 (22.7) | 345 (77.3) | <  0.001 |