From: Body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem: a meta-analysis
Authors, Year | Sample type | N | Age M (SD) | Females (%) | BDD measure | BDD M (SD) | BDD diagnosis | Measure of depressive symptoms | r | pr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmadpanah et al., 2019 [13] | Student | 350 | 24.19 (3.71) | 76.90 | BDD-YBOCS | 12.34 (5.81) | no |  | −.04 |  |
Bartsch, 2007 [22] | Student | 619 | 26.14 | 72.70 | DCQ | 13.24 | no | DASS | −.48 | −.29 |
Baykal et al., 2015 [16] | Cosmetic surgery | 56 | 27.88 (8.62) | 55.36 | BDDE-SR | 46.57 (36.67) | no |  | −.52 |  |
Bohne, Keuthen, et al., 2002 [50] | Student | 91 | 21.00 (2.40) | 82.20 | BDDQ | 1.29 (1.22) | no | BDI-I | −.31 | −.14 |
Bohne, Wilhelm, et al., 2002 [12] | Student | 133 | 22.00 (3.50) | 73.70 | BDDQ | 0.78 (1.21) | no | BDI-I | −.26 | −.10 |
Boroughs et al., 2010 [55] | Student | 1041 | 20.95 (4.24) | 66.95 | BDDE-SR | 45.58 (28.26) | no |  | −.32 |  |
Buhlmann et al., 2008 [6] | BDD / HC | 55 | 23.98 (7.57) | 81.82 | FKS | 34.41 (11.19) | yes | BDI-I | −.69 | −.29 |
Buhlmann et al., 2009 [5] | BDD | 42 | 28.21 (9.06) | 90.48 | BDD-YBOCS | 15.14 (6.52) | yes | BDI-I | −.35 | −.18 |
Cerea et al., 2018 [9] | Community / student | 615 | 30.51 (13.26) | 69.40 | QDC | 95.86 (38.46) | no | DASS-21 | −.52 | −.36 |
Cerea et al., 2021 [56] | Student | 20 | 22.00 (1.52) | 100.00 | QDC | 144.65 (12.47) | no | DASS-21 | -.06 | .02 |
Dietel et al., 2018 [11] | Student | 112 | 22.45 (3.10) | 73.21 | FKS | 9.72 (6.45) | no | BDI-II | −.27 | −.10 |
Dogan & Yassa, 2019 [57] | Cosmetic surgery | 71 | 32.00 (9.01) | 100.00 | BDD-YBOCS | 22.99 (8.06) | yes |  | −.35 |  |
Dowling et al., 2010 [14] | Cosmetic surgery | 333 | 36.45 (11.52) | 89.79 | DCQ | 8.20 (4.28) | no | HADS | −.36 | −.18 |
Grocholewski et al., 2013 [7] | BDD | 23 | 30.96 (11.42) | 65.22 | BDD-YBOCS | 29.00 (5.89) | yes | BDI-I | −.54 | −.22 |
Hartmann et al., 2014 [8] | BDD / HC | 45 | 29.40 (12.13) | 71.11 | BDD-YBOCS | 15.31 (14.49) | yes | BDI-II | −.70 | −.43 |
Jorge et al., 2008 [58] | Cosmetic surgery | 33 | 38.10 | 100.00 | BDDE | 80.80 | no |  | −.23 |  |
Labuschagne et al., 2010 [48] | BDD / HC | 28 | 33.00 (13.17) | 64.29 | BDD-DM |  | yes | BDI-II | -.64d | −.15 |
Mulkens et al., 2012 [15] | Cosmetic surgery | 121 | 45.40 (11.80) | 100.00 | BDDE-SR | 26.80 (20.90) | no | SCL-90 | −.39 | −.16 |
B. Phillips et al., 2011 [10] | Community / student | 194 | 24.70 (9.34) | 76.29 | BDD-YBOCS self-reporta | 11.03 (7.38) | no | DASS-21 | −.43 | −.12 |
K. A. Phillips et al., 2004 [3] | BDD | 92 | 32.10 (10.50) | 71.00 | BDD-YBOCS | 31.10 (5.80) | yes | HAMD | −.38 | −.14 |
Rosen & Ramirez, 1998 [49] | b | 101 | 34.09 | 60.40 | BDDE | 72.23 | yes | Â | -.69c | Â |
Rosen & Reiter, 1996 [34] | BDD | 82 | 34.67 | 71.95 | BDDE | 94.40 | yes |  | −.33 |  |
Rosen & Reiter, 1996 [34] | Student | 295 | 18.72 | 55.60 | BDDE | 34.25 | no |  | −.50 |  |
Rosen & Reiter, 1996 [34] | Community | 140 | 40.55 | 55.00 | BDDE | 22.27 | no |  | −.49 |  |
Sadighpour et al., 2019 [59] | Student | 802 | 20.79 (2.10) | 62.30 | BDD-YBOCSa,e | 10.80 (5.70) | no |  | −.38 |  |
Schmidt & Martin, 2019 [60] | Community / student | 501 | 31.20 (11.70) | 81.24 | DCQ | 7.76 (4.70) | no | PHQ-9 | −.43 | −.13 |
Wang et al., 2014 [61] | Community | 283 | 23.66 | 24.38 | BDDE-SR | 32.62 (17.40) | no | BDI-I | −.35 | −.19 |