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Table 1 Study characteristics and effect sizes

From: Body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem: a meta-analysis

Authors, Year

Sample type

N

Age M (SD)

Females (%)

BDD measure

BDD M (SD)

BDD diagnosis

Measure of depressive symptoms

r

pr

Ahmadpanah et al., 2019 [13]

Student

350

24.19 (3.71)

76.90

BDD-YBOCS

12.34 (5.81)

no

 

−.04

 

Bartsch, 2007 [22]

Student

619

26.14

72.70

DCQ

13.24

no

DASS

−.48

−.29

Baykal et al., 2015 [16]

Cosmetic surgery

56

27.88 (8.62)

55.36

BDDE-SR

46.57 (36.67)

no

 

−.52

 

Bohne, Keuthen, et al., 2002 [50]

Student

91

21.00 (2.40)

82.20

BDDQ

1.29 (1.22)

no

BDI-I

−.31

−.14

Bohne, Wilhelm, et al., 2002 [12]

Student

133

22.00 (3.50)

73.70

BDDQ

0.78 (1.21)

no

BDI-I

−.26

−.10

Boroughs et al., 2010 [55]

Student

1041

20.95 (4.24)

66.95

BDDE-SR

45.58 (28.26)

no

 

−.32

 

Buhlmann et al., 2008 [6]

BDD / HC

55

23.98 (7.57)

81.82

FKS

34.41 (11.19)

yes

BDI-I

−.69

−.29

Buhlmann et al., 2009 [5]

BDD

42

28.21 (9.06)

90.48

BDD-YBOCS

15.14 (6.52)

yes

BDI-I

−.35

−.18

Cerea et al., 2018 [9]

Community / student

615

30.51 (13.26)

69.40

QDC

95.86 (38.46)

no

DASS-21

−.52

−.36

Cerea et al., 2021 [56]

Student

20

22.00 (1.52)

100.00

QDC

144.65 (12.47)

no

DASS-21

-.06

.02

Dietel et al., 2018 [11]

Student

112

22.45 (3.10)

73.21

FKS

9.72 (6.45)

no

BDI-II

−.27

−.10

Dogan & Yassa, 2019 [57]

Cosmetic surgery

71

32.00 (9.01)

100.00

BDD-YBOCS

22.99 (8.06)

yes

 

−.35

 

Dowling et al., 2010 [14]

Cosmetic surgery

333

36.45 (11.52)

89.79

DCQ

8.20 (4.28)

no

HADS

−.36

−.18

Grocholewski et al., 2013 [7]

BDD

23

30.96 (11.42)

65.22

BDD-YBOCS

29.00 (5.89)

yes

BDI-I

−.54

−.22

Hartmann et al., 2014 [8]

BDD / HC

45

29.40 (12.13)

71.11

BDD-YBOCS

15.31 (14.49)

yes

BDI-II

−.70

−.43

Jorge et al., 2008 [58]

Cosmetic surgery

33

38.10

100.00

BDDE

80.80

no

 

−.23

 

Labuschagne et al., 2010 [48]

BDD / HC

28

33.00 (13.17)

64.29

BDD-DM

 

yes

BDI-II

-.64d

−.15

Mulkens et al., 2012 [15]

Cosmetic surgery

121

45.40 (11.80)

100.00

BDDE-SR

26.80 (20.90)

no

SCL-90

−.39

−.16

B. Phillips et al., 2011 [10]

Community / student

194

24.70 (9.34)

76.29

BDD-YBOCS self-reporta

11.03 (7.38)

no

DASS-21

−.43

−.12

K. A. Phillips et al., 2004 [3]

BDD

92

32.10 (10.50)

71.00

BDD-YBOCS

31.10 (5.80)

yes

HAMD

−.38

−.14

Rosen & Ramirez, 1998 [49]

b

101

34.09

60.40

BDDE

72.23

yes

 

-.69c

 

Rosen & Reiter, 1996 [34]

BDD

82

34.67

71.95

BDDE

94.40

yes

 

−.33

 

Rosen & Reiter, 1996 [34]

Student

295

18.72

55.60

BDDE

34.25

no

 

−.50

 

Rosen & Reiter, 1996 [34]

Community

140

40.55

55.00

BDDE

22.27

no

 

−.49

 

Sadighpour et al., 2019 [59]

Student

802

20.79 (2.10)

62.30

BDD-YBOCSa,e

10.80 (5.70)

no

 

−.38

 

Schmidt & Martin, 2019 [60]

Community / student

501

31.20 (11.70)

81.24

DCQ

7.76 (4.70)

no

PHQ-9

−.43

−.13

Wang et al., 2014 [61]

Community

283

23.66

24.38

BDDE-SR

32.62 (17.40)

no

BDI-I

−.35

−.19

  1. Student, student sample; Cosmetic surgery, cosmetic surgery sample; Community, community sample; BDD, clinical BDD sample; BDD / HC, sample of individuals with BDD and healthy controls; Community / student, community sample with large proportion of students; BDD-YBOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder; DCQ, Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire; BDDE-SR, Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination - Self Report; BDDE, Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination; BDDQ, Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire; FKS, Fragebogen körperdysmorpher Symptome; QDC, Questionario sul Dismorfismo Corporeo; BDD-DM, Body Dysmorphic Disorder Diagnostic Module; DASS, depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; DASS-21, depression subscale of the modified, shorter 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; BDI-I, Beck Depression Inventory-I; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; HADS, depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SCL-90, depression subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PHQ-9, depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire; r, uncorrected correlation between BDD symptom severity and global self-esteem; pr, uncorrected partial correlation between BDD symptom severity and global self-esteem controlling for depressive symptom severity
  2. a Ten out of 12 items were used in these studies
  3. b This study was not included in the moderator analysis for the sample type as it compared a clinical BDD sample to a non-clinical sample in which the absence or presence of mental disorders were not verified
  4. c Transformed from d to r
  5. d Pointbiseral correlation between BDD (coded 1 for BDD and 0 for healthy controls) and self-esteem
  6. e This study was not included in the moderator analysis for the diagnostic method as it was not clearly specified if the self-report or clinician-administered version of the BDD-YBOCS were used