Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
| Study | Setting; rural/urban | Study design | Sample | Condition | Screening tool | Diagnostic interview | Language | Optimal cut-off | Sens | Spec | Prevalence1 | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benjamin (2005) | Tamil Nadu (South); rural | CS | 129 post-partum women | Depression | EPDS | CIS-R | Tamil | ≥9 | 94.1% | 90.2% | 13.2% |
AUC 0.921 At cut-off ≥13: sens 64.7%; spec 96.4% |
| Desai (2011) | Gujarat (West); mixed | CS | 200 post-partum women (0–12 months) | Depression | EPDS | Psychiatrist interview | Gujarati | ≥11 | 100% | 98% | 12.5% |
AUC 0.999; PPV 89.3; NPV 100 At cut-off ≥13: sens 84%; spec 100% |
| Fernandes (2011) | Karnataka (Southwest); rural | CS | 194 pregnant women (3rd trimester) | Depression |
EPDS K10 | MINI-Plus | Kannada |
EPDS: ≥13 K10: ≥6 |
EPDS: 100% K10: 100% |
EPDS: 84.9% K10: 81.3% | 14.3% |
EPDS: AUC 0.95 (95% CI 0.92–0.97); PPV 52.0; NPV 99.0 K10: AUC 0.95 (95% CI 0.92–0.98); PPV 48.0; NPV 99.0 |
| Joshi (2020) | Madhya Pradesh (central); mixed | CS | 100 pregnant women (12–36 weeks) | Depression | EPDS | PHQ-9 | Hindi | ≥10 | 65.4% | 79.7% | – |
AUC 0.7346 (95% CI 0.562–0.796) At cut-off ≥13: sens 78.6%; spec 75.6% |
| Kalita (2008) | Assam (Northeast); mixed | CS | 100 post-partum women (6 weeks) | Depression | EPDS | ICD-10 criteria | Assamese | ≥13 | 88.9% | 85.4% | 18% |
AUC NR; PPV 57.14; NPV 97.22 |
| Khapre (2017) | Maharashtra (West); rural | CS | 280 post-partum women (6 weeks to 6 months) | Depression | EPDS | Semi-structured interview | Marathi | ≥13 | 93.8% | 94.9% | – |
AUC 0.968 (95% CI 0.947–0.989) At cut-off ≥13: sens 93.8%; spec 94.9% |
| Patel (2002) | Goa (West); NR | CS | NR | Depression | EPDS | CIS-R | Konkani | 11 or 12 | 92% | 85% | – | AUC NR |