Skip to main content

Table 3 Odds Ratio estimates for high psychological distress by background characteristics among older adults in India (N = 9181)

From: Socioeconomic inequality in psychological distress among older adults in India: a decomposition analysis

Variables

Model-I

Model-II

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

p-value

Age (years)

 60–69

  

Ref.

 

 70–79

  

0.97(0.83,1.15)

0.760

 80+

  

1.03(0.80,1.31)

0.828

Gender

 Men

  

Ref.

 

 Women

  

0.88(0.74,1.05)

0.164

Religion

 Hindu

  

Ref.

 

 Muslim

  

1.20(0.91,1.58)

0.197

 Sikh

  

0.92(0.55,1.53)

0.737

 Others

  

0.96(0.68,1.37)

0.833

Caste

 Scheduled Caste

  

Ref.

 

 Scheduled Tribe

  

0.87(0.64,1.16)

0.343

 Other Backward Class

  

0.77(0.62,0.95)

0.014

 Others

  

0.79(0.65,0.97)

0.026

Place of residence

 Rural

  

Ref.

 

 Urban

  

0.97(0.83,1.13)

0.675

Educational status

 No education

  

Ref.

 

 Below 5 years

  

0.77(0.64,0.93)

0.005

 6–10 years

  

0.61(0.49,0.78)

0.001

 11+ years

  

0.56(0.37,0.86)

0.008

Marital status

 Not in union

  

Ref.

 

 Currently in union

  

1.05(0.88,1.25)

0.587

Wealth

 Poorest

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Poorer

0.68(0.59,0.78)

0.001

1.10(0.91,1.34)

0.311

 Middle

0.40(0.34,0.46)

0.001

0.87(0.69,1.09)

0.229

 Richer

0.26(0.22,0.31)

0.001

0.83(0.64,1.08)

0.158

 Richest

0.15(0.12,0.18)

0.001

0.60(0.43,0.83)

0.002

Source of income

 0 “No source”

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 1

0.76(0.68,0.86)

0.001

1.01(0.85,1.20)

0.899

 2+

0.54(0.44,0.68)

0.001

0.84(0.62,1.13)

0.246

Working status

 No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Yes

0.73(0.63,0.85)

0.001

0.98(0.79,1.21)

0.825

Community involvement

 No

  

Ref.

 

 Yes

  

0.81(0.69,0.96)

0.014

Living arrangement

 Alone

  

Ref.

 

 With souse

  

0.71(0.50,1.00)

0.048

 Others

  

0.83(0.63,1.11)

0.210

How important do you feel you are important to your family?

 Important

  

Ref.

 

 Somewhat or not important

  

1.81(1.56,2.09)

0.001

Violence

 No

  

Ref.

 

 Yes

  

1.78(1.43,2.22)

0.001

Multi-morbidity

 0 “No morbidity”

  

Ref.

 

 1

  

1.22(1.03,1.45)

0.024

 2+

  

1.47(1.21,1.77)

0.001

Disability

 0 “No disability”

  

Ref.

 

 1

  

1.79(1.44,2.21)

0.001

 2+

  

3.49(2.82,4.32)

0.001

ADL

 High “6+ score”

  

Ref.

 

 Low “5 or less score”

  

1.92(1.50,2.46)

0.001

IADL

 High “6+ score”

  

Ref.

 

 Low “5 or less score”

  

1.38(1.18,1.62)

0.001

Cognitive ability

 High “scores 5+”

  

Ref.

 

 Low “scores of 4 or less”

  

1.76(1.50,2.08)

0.001

State

 Kerala

  

Ref.

 

 Himachal Pradesh

  

0.99(0.70,1.39)

0.943

 Punjab

  

0.33(0.21,0.54)

0.001

 West Bengal

  

1.34(1.01,1.78)

0.045

 Orissa

  

2.27(1.69,3.04)

0.001

 Maharashtra

  

1.42(1.07,1.87)

0.015

 Tamil Nadu

  

6.03(4.47,8.13)

0.001

  1. Ref Reference, CI Confidence Interval