Treatment provision for adults with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic: an exploratory study on patient and therapist experience with on-site sessions using face masks vs. telepsychiatric sessions

Table 1 Descriptive Information by Treatment Modality Group (Statistical Tests: Face-to-Face vs. Telepsychiatry Combined)

	face-to-face (n = 29)	videoconferencing (n = 11)	telephone (n = 20)	p (Cohen’s d) ^a
Number of sessions	1.59 (0.87)	2.91 (1.81)	3.35 (1.39)	.000 (1.30)^b
Gender (% male)	48.3%	63.6%	60.0%	.311 (0.26)^c
Age	39.62 (11.22)	38.00 (9.89)	38.95 (12.26)	.730 (0.09)^b
Highest education				.067 (−)^d
Compulsory school	3.4%	9.1%	5.0%
Apprenticeship	27.6%	27.3%	25.0%
School-leaving examination	24.1%	18.2%	30.0%
University degree	44.8%	45.5%	40.0%
No of psychiatric diagnoses (incl. ADHD)	1.66 (0.61)	1.55 (0.52)	1.80 (0.77)	.749 (0.08)^b
Comorbidities
F10–19	6.9%	0.0%	10.0%	1.000 (−)^d
F30–39	34.5%	18.2%	20.0%	.185 (0.35)^c
F40–49	20.7%	36.4%	15.0%	.859 (0.05)^c
F60–69	0.0%	0.0%	20.0%	.113 (−)^d
GAF-score^e	67.59 (11.92)	72.55 (5.85)	67.95 (14.02)	.519 (0.17)^b
COVID-19 high risk group	10.3%	0.0%	15.0%	1.000 (−)^d
Impact of COVID-19
change to everyday life	3.62 (1.05)	4.00 (1.33)	4.10 (1.25)	.145 (0.38)^b
distress	2.83 (1.10)	2.80 (1.32)	3.25 (1.33)	.395 (0.22)^b
fear	2.38 (1.18)	2.60 (0.84)	2.70 (1.17)	.329 (0.25)^b
Allocation to treatment modality based on patient request				1.000 (0.00)^c
yes	75.9%	63.6% (77.8%)^*	75.0%
no	24.1%	18.2% (22.2%)^*	25.0%

Note: The values represent either the mean, with the standard deviation reported in brackets, or the percentage of cases within the relevant group. School leaving examinations are similar to A levels in the UK and qualify the individual to study at a university. ^*Information for 2 patients was missing in this group, which is why two percentages are reported. The first refers to N = 11 (total cases), the second to N = 9 (cases for which the information was available). ^aTo check for statistically significant a priori differences between groups, the face-to-face group was compared to the collapsed telepsychiatry groups (telephone and videoconferencing) because of the small sample size in the videoconferencing group. ^bTwo-samples t-test. ^cχ² test. ^dFisher’s exact test. ^eAs data was provided by two therapists, a second t-test with Z standardized GAF scores (standardization within therapist) was conducted, which yielded similar results, t(58) = − 0.62, p = .541, d = 0.16

ISSN: 1471-244X