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Table 2 Univariate Associations between the Dispatch Experiences at COVID-19 Frontline versus Mental Health status of PHD

From: Associations between the working experiences at frontline of COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of Korean public health doctors

Item number

Variables

PHQ-9 (depressive mood)

GAD-7 (Anxiety)

PSS (perceived stress)

SPS-6 (work-related self-efficacy)

Normal or Mild (N = 297)

Moderate to Severe (N = 53)

OR (univariate)

P value

Normal or Mild (N = 310)

Moderate to Severe (N = 40)

OR (univariable)

P value

Low (N = 190)

High (N = 160)

OR (univariate)

P value

Low (N = 229)

High (N = 121)

OR (univariate)

P value

Demographic and occupational characteristics

 Q.1-2

Level of education

College of medicine

156 (84.8)

28 (15.2)

1 [reference]

 

163 (88.6)

21 (11.4)

1 [reference]

 

103 (56.0)

81 (44.0)

1 [reference]

 

128 (69.6)

56 (30.4)

1 [reference]

 

Medical school

122 (84.1)

23 (15.9)

1.05 (0.57-1.91)

0.873

128 (88.3)

17 (11.7)

1.03 (0.52-2.03)

0.93

73 (50.3)

72 (49.7)

1.25 (0.81-1.94)

0.309

91 (62.8)

54 (37.2)

1.36 (0.86-2.15)

0.194

Master's degree

17 (89.5)

2 (10.5)

0.66 (0.10-2.46)

0.586

17 (89.5)

2 (10.5)

0.91 (0.14-3.50)

0.908

13 (68.4)

6 (31.6)

0.59 (0.20-1.55)

0.301

10 (52.6)

9 (47.4)

2.06 (0.78-5.38)

0.138

Doctoral degree

2 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0.00 (NA)

0.989

2 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0.00 (NA)

0.99

1 (50.0)

1 (50.0)

1.27 (0.05-32.48)

0.866

0 (0.0)

2 (100.0)

inf (NA)

0.98

 Q.1-3

Marriage

No

246 (84.5)

45 (15.5)

1 [reference]

 

257 (88.3)

34 (11.7)

1 [reference]

 

160 (55.0)

131 (45.0)

1 [reference]

 

197 (67.7)

94 (32.3)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

51 (86.4)

8 (13.6)

0.86 (0.36-1.84)

0.71

53 (89.8)

6 (10.2)

0.86 (0.31-2.01)

0.739

30 (50.8)

29 (49.2)

1.18 (0.67-2.07)

0.561

32 (54.2)

27 (45.8)

1.77 (1.00-3.12)

0.049*

 Q.1-4

Children

No

280 (84.8)

50 (15.2)

1 [reference]

 

292 (88.5)

38 (11.5)

1 [reference]

 

180 (54.5)

150 (45.5)

1 [reference]

 

220 (66.7)

110 (33.3)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

17 (85.0)

3 (15.0)

0.99 (0.22-3.08)

0.985

18 (90.0)

2 (10.0)

0.85 (0.13-3.12)

0.836

10 (50.0)

10 (50.0)

1.20 (0.48-3.00)

0.692

9 (45.0)

11 (55.0)

2.44 (0.98-6.23)

0.054

 Q.1-6

Training

General physician

179 (81.4)

41 (18.6)

1 [reference]

 

189 (85.9)

31 (14.1)

1 [reference]

 

107 (48.6)

113 (51.4)

1 [reference]

 

143 (65.0)

77 (35.0)

1 [reference]

 

Finished Intern year

64 (90.1)

7 (9.9)

0.48 (0.19-1.06)

0.089

66 (93.0)

5 (7.0)

0.46 (0.15-1.14)

0.124

45 (63.4)

26 (36.6)

0.55 (0.31-0.94)

0.032*

50 (70.4)

21 (29.6)

0.78 (0.43-1.38)

0.401

Specialist

54 (91.5)

5 (8.5)

0.40 (0.13-0.99)

0.069

55 (93.2)

4 (6.8)

0.44 (0.13-1.18)

0.141

38 (64.4)

21 (35.6)

0.52 (0.28-0.94)

0.033*

36 (61.0)

23 (39.0)

1.19 (0.65-2.13)

0.571

 Q.1-7

PHD year

First year

127 (87.0)

19 (13.0)

1 [reference]

 

135 (92.5)

11 (7.5)

1 [reference]

 

92 (63.0)

54 (37.0)

1 [reference]

 

102 (69.9)

44 (30.1)

1 [reference]

 

Second year

95 (84.1)

18 (15.9)

1.27 (0.63-2.55)

0.507

99 (87.6)

14 (12.4)

1.74 (0.76-4.07)

0.194

53 (46.9)

60 (53.1)

1.93 (1.17-3.19)

0.01*

68 (60.2)

45 (39.8)

1.53 (0.92-2.58)

0.104

Third year

75 (82.4)

16 (17.6)

1.43 (0.68-2.94)

0.337

76 (83.5)

15 (16.5)

2.42 (1.07-5.67)

0.036*

45 (49.5)

46 (50.5)

1.74 (1.03-2.97)

0.041*

59 (64.8)

32 (35.2)

1.26 (0.72-2.19)

0.42

Working environment in relation to the COVID-19 dispatch

 Q.2-1

Prior Education

< 8 hours

216 (84.0)

41 (16.0)

1 [reference]

 

224 (87.2)

33 (12.8)

1 [reference]

 

130 (50.6)

127 (49.4)

1 [reference]

 

163 (63.4)

94 (36.6)

1 [reference]

 

>= 8 hours

81 (87.1)

12 (12.9)

0.78 (0.38-1.52)

0.483

86 (92.5)

7 (7.5)

0.55 (0.22-1.23)

0.173

60 (64.5)

33 (35.5)

0.56 (0.34-0.91)

0.022*

66 (71.0)

27 (29.0)

0.71 (0.42-1.18)

0.191

 Q.2-2

Notice

< 1 week

98 (79.7)

25 (20.3)

1 [reference]

 

100 (81.3)

23 (18.7)

1 [reference]

 

55 (44.7)

68 (55.3)

1 [reference]

 

72 (58.5)

51 (41.5)

1 [reference]

 

>= 1week

199 (87.7)

28 (12.3)

0.55 (0.31-1.00)

0.048*

210 (92.5)

17 (7.5)

0.35 (0.18-0.68)

0.002*

135 (59.5)

92 (40.5)

0.55 (0.35-0.86)

0.008*

157 (69.2)

70 (30.8)

0.63 (0.40-0.99)

0.047*

 Q.4-1-1

Working hour

< 35 hours/week

118 (90.8)

12 (9.2)

1 [reference]

 

120 (92.3)

10 (7.7)

1 [reference]

 

75 (57.7)

55 (42.3)

1 [reference]

 

82 (63.1)

48 (36.9)

1 [reference]

 

35-45 hours/week

110 (83.3)

22 (16.7)

1.97 (0.94-4.28)

0.077

114 (86.4)

18 (13.6)

1.89 (0.85-4.43)

0.124

71 (53.8)

61 (46.2)

1.17 (0.72-1.91)

0.525

84 (63.6)

48 (36.4)

0.98 (0.59-1.61)

0.925

> 45 hours/week

69 (78.4)

19 (21.6)

2.71 (1.25-6.06)

0.012*

76 (86.4)

12 (13.6)

1.89 (0.78-4.70)

0.158

44 (50.0)

44 (50.0)

1.36 (0.79-2.35)

0.264

63 (71.6)

25 (28.4)

0.68 (0.37-1.21)

0.192

 Q.4-1-2

Nuber of swabs per day

<10

74 (90.2)

8 (9.8)

1 [reference]

 

75 (91.5)

7 (8.5)

1 [reference]

 

48 (58.5)

34 (41.5)

1 [reference]

 

51 (62.2)

31 (37.8)

1 [reference]

 

>=10 & <20

94 (85.5)

16 (14.5)

1.57 (0.65-4.07)

0.324

99 (90.0)

11 (10.0)

1.19 (0.45-3.37)

0.731

60 (54.5)

50 (45.5)

1.18 (0.66-2.10)

0.581

74 (67.3)

36 (32.7)

0.80 (0.44-1.46)

0.466

>=20 & <30

57 (80.3)

14 (19.7)

2.27 (0.91-6.04)

0.085

59 (83.1)

12 (16.9)

2.18 (0.82-6.18)

0.124

36 (50.7)

35 (49.3)

1.37 (0.72-2.61)

0.332

43 (60.6)

28 (39.4)

1.07 (0.56-2.06)

0.836

>=30 & <40

36 (83.7)

7 (16.3)

1.80 (0.59-5.40)

0.291

39 (90.7)

4 (9.3)

1.10 (0.27-3.87)

0.886

23 (53.5)

20 (46.5)

1.23 (0.58-2.59)

0.589

35 (81.4)

8 (18.6)

0.38 (0.15-0.88)

0.031*

>=40

36 (81.8)

8 (18.2)

2.06 (0.70-6.02)

0.182

38 (86.4)

6 (13.6)

1.69 (0.51-5.44)

0.374

23 (52.3)

21 (47.7)

1.29 (0.62-2.70)

0.5

26 (59.1)

18 (40.9)

1.14 (0.53-2.40)

0.733

 Q.4-1-4

PPE

insufficient

39 (63.9)

22 (36.1)

1 [reference]

 

43 (70.5)

18 (29.5)

1 [reference]

 

18 (29.5)

43 (70.5)

1 [reference]

 

34 (55.7)

27 (44.3)

1 [reference]

 

sufficient

258 (89.3)

31 (10.7)

0.21 (0.11-0.41)

<0.001*

267 (92.4)

22 (7.6)

0.20 (0.10-0.40)

<0.001*

172 (59.5)

117 (40.5)

0.28 (0.15-0.51)

<0.001*

195 (67.5)

94 (32.5)

0.61 (0.35-1.07)

0.082

Working location of dispatch for COVID-19

 Q. 2-3

Worked at own area

No

44 (93.6)

3 (6.4)

1 [reference]

 

44 (93.6)

3 (6.4)

1 [reference]

 

34 (72.3)

13 (27.7)

1 [reference]

 

28 (59.6)

19 (40.4)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

253 (83.5)

50 (16.5)

2.90 (1.01-12.27)

0.084

266 (87.8)

37 (12.2)

2.04 (0.70-8.70)

0.252

156 (51.5)

147 (48.5)

2.46 (1.28-5.01)

0.009*

201 (66.3)

102 (33.7)

0.75 (0.40-1.42)

0.366

 Q.2-4

Dispatched

No

103 (83.7)

20 (16.3)

1 [reference]

 

110 (89.4)

13 (10.6)

1 [reference]

 

71 (57.7)

52 (42.3)

1 [reference]

 

80 (65.0)

43 (35.0)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

194 (85.5)

33 (14.5)

0.88 (0.48-1.63)

0.668

200 (88.1)

27 (11.9)

1.14 (0.58-2.37)

0.71

119 (52.4)

108 (47.6)

1.24 (0.80-1.93)

0.342

149 (65.6)

78 (34.4)

0.97 (0.62-1.55)

0.911

 Q.2-7

Dispatch to epicenter

No

191 (84.1)

36 (15.9)

1 [reference]

 

202 (89.0)

25 (11.0)

1 [reference]

 

121 (53.3)

106 (46.7)

1 [reference]

 

151 (66.5)

76 (33.5)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

106 (86.2)

17 (13.8)

0.85 (0.45-1.57)

0.612

108 (87.8)

15 (12.2)

1.12 (0.56-2.20)

0.74

69 (56.1)

54 (43.9)

0.89 (0.57-1.39)

0.617

78 (63.4)

45 (36.6)

1.15 (0.72-1.81)

0.56

Screening center

No

50 (96.2)

2 (3.8)

1 [reference]

 

50 (96.2)

2 (3.8)

1 [reference]

 

41 (78.8)

11 (21.2)

1 [reference]

 

33 (63.5)

19 (36.5)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

247 (82.9)

51 (17.1)

5.16 (1.53-32.19)

0.026*

260 (87.2)

38 (12.8)

3.65 (1.07-22.91)

0.081

149 (50.0)

149 (50.0)

3.73 (1.91-7.88)

<0.001*

196 (65.8)

102 (34.2)

0.90 (0.49-1.69)

0.747

Airport qurantine

No

255 (84.4)

47 (15.6)

1 [reference]

 

264 (87.4)

38 (12.6)

1 [reference]

 

164 (54.3)

138 (45.7)

1 [reference]

 

204 (67.5)

98 (32.5)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

42 (87.5)

6 (12.5)

0.78 (0.28-1.80)

0.583

46 (95.8)

2 (4.2)

0.30 (0.05-1.03)

0.107

26 (54.2)

22 (45.8)

1.01 (0.54-1.85)

0.986

25 (52.1)

23 (47.9)

1.92 (1.03-3.55)

0.039*

Makeshift shelters

No

232 (83.8)

45 (16.2)

1 [reference]

 

244 (88.1)

33 (11.9)

1 [reference]

 

149 (53.8)

128 (46.2)

1 [reference]

 

176 (63.5)

101 (36.5)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

65 (89.0)

8 (11.0)

0.63 (0.27-1.35)

0.266

66 (90.4)

7 (9.6)

0.78 (0.31-1.76)

0.579

41 (56.2)

32 (43.8)

0.91 (0.54-1.52)

0.717

53 (72.6)

20 (27.4)

0.66 (0.37-1.15)

0.149

Isolation facility

No

240 (84.5)

44 (15.5)

1 [reference]

 

249 (87.7)

35 (12.3)

1 [reference]

 

152 (53.5)

132 (46.5)

1 [reference]

 

183 (64.4)

101 (35.6)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

57 (86.4)

9 (13.6)

0.86 (0.38-1.79)

0.705

61 (92.4)

5 (7.6)

0.58 (0.19-1.43)

0.28

38 (57.6)

28 (42.4)

0.85 (0.49-1.45)

0.552

46 (69.7)

20 (30.3)

0.79 (0.43-1.39)

0.419

Hospital ICU

No

232 (83.8)

45 (16.2)

1 [reference]

 

244 (88.1)

33 (11.9)

1 [reference]

 

144 (52.0)

133 (48.0)

1 [reference]

 

179 (64.6)

98 (35.4)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

65 (89.0)

8 (11.0)

0.63 (0.27-1.35)

0.266

66 (90.4)

7 (9.6)

0.78 (0.31-1.76)

0.579

46 (63.0)

27 (37.0)

0.64 (0.37-1.07)

0.094

50 (68.5)

23 (31.5)

0.84 (0.48-1.45)

0.536

Satisfaction for experience of working at COVID-19 frontline

 Q.4-2

Subjective workload

Not Tough

141 (92.8)

11 (7.2)

1 [reference]

 

145 (95.4)

7 (4.6)

1 [reference]

 

98 (64.5)

54 (35.5)

1 [reference]

 

108 (71.1)

44 (28.9)

1 [reference]

 

Tough

156 (78.8)

42 (21.2)

3.45 (1.77-7.28)

0.001*

165 (83.3)

33 (16.7)

4.14 (1.88-10.46)

0.001*

92 (46.5)

106 (53.5)

2.09 (1.36-3.24)

<0.001*

121 (61.1)

77 (38.9)

1.56 (1.00-2.47)

0.053

 Q.4-3

Capability of participating in the decision making

No

195 (81.9)

43 (18.1)

1 [reference]

 

204 (85.7)

34 (14.3)

1 [reference]

 

117 (49.2)

121 (50.8)

1 [reference]

 

147 (61.8)

91 (38.2)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

102 (91.1)

10 (8.9)

0.44 (0.20-0.89)

0.029*

106 (94.6)

6 (5.4)

0.34 (0.13-0.78)

0.019*

73 (65.2)

39 (34.8)

0.52 (0.32-0.82)

0.005*

82 (73.2)

30 (26.8)

0.59 (0.36-0.96)

0.037*

 Q.4-4

Satisfaction for the monetary compensation

No

216 (83.1)

44 (16.9)

1 [reference]

 

226 (86.9)

34 (13.1)

1 [reference]

 

125 (48.1)

135 (51.9)

1 [reference]

 

165 (63.5)

95 (36.5)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

81 (90.0)

9 (10.0)

0.55 (0.24-1.12)

0.119

84 (93.3)

6 (6.7)

0.47 (0.17-1.10)

0.106

65 (72.2)

25 (27.8)

0.36 (0.21-0.59)

<0.001*

64 (71.1)

26 (28.9)

0.71 (0.41-1.18)

0.19

 Q.4-5

Willingness to further volunteering for dispatch

No

197 (81.4)

45 (18.6)

1 [reference]

 

207 (85.5)

35 (14.5)

1 [reference]

 

114 (47.1)

128 (52.9)

1 [reference]

 

142 (58.7)

100 (41.3)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

100 (92.6)

8 (7.4)

0.35 (0.15-0.73)

0.009*

103 (95.4)

5 (4.6)

0.29 (0.10-0.69)

0.011*

76 (70.4)

32 (29.6)

0.38 (0.23-0.60)

<0.001*

87 (80.6)

21 (19.4)

0.34 (0.20-0.58)

<0.001*

 Q.4-6

Consulted with psychiatrist

No

293 (85.4)

50 (14.6)

1 [reference]

 

305 (88.9)

38 (11.1)

1 [reference]

 

187 (54.5)

156 (45.5)

1 [reference]

 

224 (65.3)

119 (34.7)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

4 (57.1)

3 (42.9)

4.39 (0.84-20.51)

0.057

5 (71.4)

2 (28.6)

3.21 (0.45-15.47)

0.172

3 (42.9)

4 (57.1)

1.60 (0.35-8.22)

0.543

5 (71.4)

2 (28.6)

0.75 (0.11-3.55)

0.737

Perceived threat of COVID-19 infection

 Q.3-1

COVID-19 duty puts me at great risk

No

134 (95.0)

7 (5.0)

1 [reference]

 

137 (97.2)

4 (2.8)

1 [reference]

 

98 (69.5)

43 (30.5)

1 [reference]

 

110 (78.0)

31 (22.0)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

163 (78.0)

46 (22.0)

5.40 (2.51-13.45)

<0.001*

173 (82.8)

36 (17.2)

7.13 (2.77-24.25)

<0.001*

92 (44.0)

117 (56.0)

2.90 (1.86-4.58)

<0.001*

119 (56.9)

90 (43.1)

2.68 (1.67-4.40)

<0.001*

 Q.3-2

I feel more stress for COVID-19 duty than other tasks

No

84 (97.7)

2 (2.3)

1 [reference]

 

86 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

1 [reference]

 

68 (79.1)

18 (20.9)

1 [reference]

 

76 (88.4)

10 (11.6)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

213 (80.7)

51 (19.3)

10.06 (3.03-62.33)

0.002*

224 (84.8)

40 (15.2)

inf(NA)

0.988

122 (46.2)

142 (53.8)

4.40 (2.53-7.99)

<0.001*

153 (58.0)

111 (42.0)

5.51 (2.85-11.78)

<0.001*

 Q.3-3

I can accept the risk of caring for COVID-19 patients

No

36 (66.7)

18 (33.3)

1 [reference]

 

43 (79.6)

11 (20.4)

1 [reference]

 

24 (44.4)

30 (55.6)

1 [reference]

 

29 (53.7)

25 (46.3)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

261 (88.2)

35 (11.8)

0.27 (0.14-0.53)

<0.001*

267 (90.2)

29 (9.8)

0.42 (0.20-0.94)

0.028*

166 (56.1)

130 (43.9)

0.63 (0.35-1.12)

0.116

200 (67.6)

96 (32.4)

0.56 (0.31-1.01)

0.051

 Q.3-4

I am afraid of falling ill with COVID-19

No

51 (83.6)

10 (16.4)

1 [reference]

 

56 (91.8)

5 (8.2)

1 [reference]

 

36 (59.0)

25 (41.0)

1 [reference]

 

45 (73.8)

16 (26.2)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

246 (85.1)

43 (14.9)

0.89 (0.43-1.98)

0.764

254 (87.9)

35 (12.1)

1.54 (0.63-4.65)

0.386

154 (53.3)

135 (46.7)

1.26 (0.72-2.23)

0.415

184 (63.7)

105 (36.3)

1.60 (0.88-3.06)

0.134

 Q.3-5

I have little control over whether I get infected or not

No

192 (89.3)

23 (10.7)

1 [reference]

 

199 (92.6)

16 (7.4)

1 [reference]

 

130 (60.5)

85 (39.5)

1 [reference]

 

150 (69.8)

65 (30.2)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

105 (77.8)

30 (22.2)

2.39 (1.32-4.35)

0.004*

111 (82.2)

24 (17.8)

2.69 (1.38-5.36)

0.004*

60 (44.4)

75 (55.6)

1.91 (1.24-2.96)

0.004*

79 (58.5)

56 (41.5)

1.64 (1.04-2.57)

0.032*

 Q.3-6

I have little chance of survival if I were to get COVID-19

No

293 (85.7)

49 (14.3)

1 [reference]

 

306 (89.5)

36 (10.5)

1 [reference]

 

187 (54.7)

155 (45.3)

1 [reference]

 

226 (66.1)

116 (33.9)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

4 (50.0)

4 (50.0)

5.98 (1.37-26.05)

0.013*

4 (50.0)

4 (50.0)

8.50 (1.94-37.37)

0.003*

3 (37.5)

5 (62.5)

2.01 (0.49-9.93)

0.344

3 (37.5)

5 (62.5)

3.25 (0.78-16.05)

0.111

 Q.3-7

If it were possible, I want to resign from COVID-19 duty

No

135 (92.5)

11 (7.5)

1 [reference]

 

138 (94.5)

8 (5.5)

1 [reference]

 

106 (72.6)

40 (27.4)

1 [reference]

 

109 (74.7)

37 (25.3)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

162 (79.4)

42 (20.6)

3.18 (1.63-6.72)

0.001*

172 (84.3)

32 (15.7)

3.21 (1.50-7.69)

0.005*

84 (41.2)

120 (58.8)

3.79 (2.41-6.03)

<0.001*

120 (58.8)

84 (41.2)

2.06 (1.30-3.31)

0.002*

 Q.3-8

I am afraid I will pass COVID-19 to others

No

45 (91.8)

4 (8.2)

1 [reference]

 

48 (98.0)

1 (2.0)

1 [reference]

 

33 (67.3)

16 (32.7)

1 [reference]

 

34 (69.4)

15 (30.6)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

252 (83.7)

49 (16.3)

2.19 (0.84-7.50)

0.151

262 (87.0)

39 (13.0)

7.15 (1.49-128.28)

0.055

157 (52.2)

144 (47.8)

1.89 (1.01-3.66)

0.05

195 (64.8)

106 (35.2)

1.23 (0.65-2.42)

0.53

 Q.3-9

Family & friends are worried they might get infected thru me

No

107 (92.2)

9 (7.8)

1 [reference]

 

113 (97.4)

3 (2.6)

1 [reference]

 

75 (64.7)

41 (35.3)

1 [reference]

 

83 (71.6)

33 (28.4)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

190 (81.2)

44 (18.8)

2.75 (1.35-6.22)

0.009*

197 (84.2)

37 (15.8)

7.07 (2.48-29.77)

0.001*

115 (49.1)

119 (50.9)

1.89 (1.20-3.01)

0.006*

146 (62.4)

88 (37.6)

1.52 (0.94-2.48)

0.091

 Q.3-10

People avoid me because of my COVID-19 duty

No

237 (89.4)

28 (10.6)

1 [reference]

 

242 (91.3)

23 (8.7)

1 [reference]

 

153 (57.7)

112 (42.3)

1 [reference]

 

180 (67.9)

85 (32.1)

1 [reference]

 

Yes

60 (70.6)

25 (29.4)

3.53 (1.91-6.50)

<0.001*

68 (80.0)

17 (20.0)

2.63 (1.31-5.19)

0.005*

37 (43.5)

48 (56.5)

1.77 (1.08-2.92)

0.023*

49 (57.6)

36 (42.4)

1.56 (0.94-2.57)

0.084

  1. * P < 0.05
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